Evaluating the role of urban planning components in determining the pattern of water consumption in the neighborhood scale The case study a Al-Ghadir neighborhood, kerman

Document Type : Article extracted From phd dissertation

Authors

1 Department of Urban Planning, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

2 Department of Water Engineering, Graduate University of Industrial and Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran

3 Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Irann

Abstract

Clean fresh water is essential to support the human population. Urban planners must create good places for people physically, socially, economically, and environmentally. Traditionally, urban planners have not played a role in city water management. However, planners influence how water is used in cities by shaping the built environment through land use regulations. This study aims to show a significant relationship between urban environment indicators and water consumption to improve urban water protection. Based on this, the influencing factors in water consumption were identified and after forming the equations and optimization in MATLAB software, they were coded and implemented using the method of the crow search algorithm. And for each subcategory, the optimal consumption coefficients were recorded as output.  By obtaining the optimal consumption coefficients for each of the indicators, including age, literacy, area, occupation, type of residential use, materials, and block form, it was determined that each of the factors with higher optimal coefficients is closer to the optimal consumption. The results show that urban planners, using planning and design strategies at the neighborhood level and by shaping the built environment and regulating land use, promote the protection of the city's water and affect the way water is consumed in cities. A comprehensive approach to all these categories and the logical connection between them, as well as their comprehensive development is the only reasonable way to deal with water management in cities.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Clean freshwater is critical to supporting human populations and economic development. Urban planners must create good places for people physically, socially, economically, and environmentally. Traditionally, urban planners have not played a role in city water management. However, planners influence how water is used in cities by shaping the built environment through land use regulations. Since there is a relationship between the built environment and water use, the urban planner has an effective role in water consumption and supply. Many cities are located in arid regions and are exposed to water depletion the increase in population, especially the increase in urbanization and the decrease in rainfall in dry provinces such as Kerman province, where almost 100% of its water needs are dependent on water resources within the province. From reserves, the underground water table provides that the current consumption trend will face a severe water crisis. This research aims to show the significant relationship between the indicators of the urban environment and the amount of water consumption to improve urban water protection.
 
Methodology
Based on this, the influencing factors in water consumption were identified and after forming the equations and optimization in MATLAB software, they were coded and implemented using the method of the crow search algorithm. For each subcategory, optimal consumption coefficients were recorded as output. By obtaining the optimal consumption coefficients for each of the indicators, including age, literacy, area, occupation, type of residential use, materials, and block form, it was determined that each of the factors with higher optimal coefficients is closer to the optimal consumption.
 
 
 
Results and discussion
In order to obtain the optimal coefficients of urban water consumption, various social and physical factors have been involved in consumption. For this purpose, a residential area of ​​Kerman city was first selected as a study case.  After dividing this area into 114 blocks, equivalent to 4965 plots, the total amount of water consumption as well as the average consumption in each block based on the measured flow was considered as a database reference. In order to create a detailed view of all the social factors and the spatial area of ​​each block that affect water consumption, the factors of gender, age, occupation, literacy level, area, type of residential use, materials and form of each block were selected in general. After this stage, each of these factors was divided into subgroups in smaller intervals based on the number of people in each category. The available data determined that the characteristics of the form, function, and community of the built environment affect the amount of water consumption.  Evidence suggests that the buildings and neighborhoods that are being created are less efficient than in the past. Almost all models suggest that new settlements would use more water if only the factors that cause high water use were reduced. A huge amount of water will be available to all other users. The highest water users should be the first target for water conservation strategies and water use restrictions. Instead of building more efficient homes and neighborhoods, we are making less progress in water use. The way we are building cities emphasizes water supply rather than water resource conservation, which must go hand in hand.
 
Conclusion
The research results show that the compact and fine-grained urban development model with a 4-story density and mixed land use is the most optimal for water consumption. Also, the coefficients obtained for the built environment indicators can be generalized in similar conditions. Therefore, by using planning and design strategies at the neighborhood level, shaping the built environment, and regulating land use, urban planners can improve the city's water protection and influence the way water is consumed in cities. A comprehensive approach to all these categories and the logical connection between them as well as their comprehensive development, is the only reasonable way to deal with water management in cities. The results of this research can be used as a resource and an efficient method to study and measure the impact of urban planning factors and the role of urban planners in the amount of water consumption in other cases. Also, the unique methods used in this research can be used as an efficient method not only to measure urban physical factors, but it can also be used to measure the effect of each factor on the amount of urban water consumption; therefore, this requires developing a theoretical framework related to that particular factor.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
 Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper

Keywords

References

  1. Abrams, B., Kumaradevan, S., Sarafidis, V., & Spaninks, F. (2012). An econometric assessment of pricing Sydney’s residential water use. Economic Record, 88(280), 89-105.
  2. Arbués, F., Villanúa, I., & Barberán, R. (2010). Household size and residential water demand: An empirical approach. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 54 (1), 61-80.
  3. Asghari Moghadam, M. (2008). Natural geography of the city, water climate and flood risk in urban planning, Islamic Azad University Publications, Tehran Branch, Center. [In Persian].
  4. Askarzadeh, A. (2016). A Noval Metaheuristic Method for Solving Constrained Engineering Optimization Problems: Crow Search Algorithm. Computers & Structures, 10, 1-12.
  5. Baker, W. L. & Cai, Y. (1992). The r.le programs for multiscale analysis of landscape structure using the GRASS geographical information system. Landscape Ecology, 7, 291-302.
  6. Beheshti Rad, M. (2017). Investigating the spatial changes of drought with geostatistical methods and standard distribution index in Kerman province. Irrigation and Water Quarterly, 7(20), 118-121. [In Persian].
  7. Chang, H., Parandvash, G. H., & Shandas, V. (2010). Spatial variations of single-family residential water consumption in Portland, Oregon. Urban Geography, 31(7), 953-972.
  8. Domene, E. & Saurí, D. (2016). Urbanisation & water consumption: Influencing factors in the metropolitan region of Barcelona. Urban Studies, 43 (9), 1605-1623.
  9. Eliasson, J. (2015). The rising pressure of global water shortages. Nature, 517 (6), 1-12.
  10. Furlong, C., Dobbie, M., Morison, P., Dodson, J., & Pendergast, M. (2019). Infrastructure and Urban Planning Context for Achieving the Visions of Integrated Urban Water Management and Water Sensitive Urban Design: The Case of Melbourne. In Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design, 16, 329-350.
  11. Gober, P. (2013). Getting outside the water box: The need for new approaches to water planning and policy. Water Resources Management, 27 (4), 955-957.
  12. Guhathakurta, S. & Gober, P. (2007). The impact of the Phoenix urban heat island on residential water use. Journal of the American Planning Association, 73 (3), 317-329.
  13. Gustafson, E. J. (1998). Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: What is the state of the art. Ecosystems, 12, 143-156.
  14. Hester, R. T. (1975). Neighborhood space. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross.
  15. Hill, T. D. & Polsky, C. (2017). Suburbanization and drought: A mixed methods vulnerability assessment in rainy Massachusetts. Environmental Hazards, 7 (4), 291-301.
  16. House‐Peters, L. A. & Chang, H. (2011). Urban water demand modeling: Review of concepts, methods, and organizing principles. Water Resources Research, 47 (5), 1-15.
  17. House‐Peters, L. A., Pratt, B., & Chang, H. (2010). Effects of urban spatial structure, sociodemographics, and climate on residential water consumption in Hillsboro, Oregon. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 46 (3), 461-472.
  18. Hurlimann, A. & Wilson, E. (2018). Sustainable urban water management under a changing climate: The role of spatial planning. Water, 10 (5), 546.
  19. Jaeger, J. AG. (2000). Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size: new measures of landscape fragmentation. Landscape Ecol, 15, 15-130.
  20. Kahrizi, Sh. (2014). Investigating good governance in improving water management. Master's Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch, Faculty of Management and Accounting. [In Persian].
  21. Keitt, Timothy H., Urban, Dean L., & Milne, Bruce T. (1997). Detecting critical scales in fragmented landscapes. Conservation Ecol, 1(1), 1- 4.
  22. Klosterman, R. E. (2013). Lessons learned about planning: Forecasting, participation, and technology. Journal of the American Planning Association, 79 (2), 161-169.
  23. LaGro, J. (1991). Assessing patch shape in landscape mosaics. Photogrammetric Eng. Remote Sens, 57, 285-293.
  24. Lu, Sh., Bao, H., & Pan, H. (2016). Urban water security evaluation based on similarity measure model of Vague sets. International Journal of hydrogen energy, 30, 1-7.
  25. Madani, K. (2014). Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis?. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 4 (4), 315-328.
  26. Madonsela, B., Koop, S., Van Leeuwen, K., & Carden, K. (2019). Evaluation of water governance processes required to transition towards water sensitive urban design—An indicator assessment approach for the City of Cape Town. Water,  11(2), 1-14.
  27. Mayer, Susan E. & Leone, Mark P. (1997). What money can't buy: Family income and children's life chances. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
  28. McDonald, R. I., Green, P., Balk, D., Fekete, B. M., Revenga, C., Todd, M., & Montgomery, M. (2011). urban growth, climate change and fresh water avaibility. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(15), 6312-6317.
  29. McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. A., Neel, M. C., & Ene, E. (2002). FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, available at the following web site: http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html.
  30. Mohammadi, A., Khodabadehloo, B., & Babaei, P. (2021). Evaluation of land use evaluations of Zanjan city in the period from 2013 to 2019 using the comparison of land surface algorithms. Geographical Planning of Space, 11(41), 124-144. [In Persian].
  31. Mohimi, A., Fadaei Qotbi, M., Esmaeily, A., & Ghazanfarpour, H. (2021). Evaluating the Physical-Spatial Indices in Determination of Urban Sprawl Patterns Using Remote Sensing (Case Study: City of Kerman). Geographical Planning of Space, 10(38), 107-126. [In Persian].
  32. Nair, S., George, B., Malano, H. M., Arora, M., & Nawarathna, B. (2014). Water–energy–greenhouse gas nexus of urban water systems: review of concepts, state-of-art and methods. Resource Conserve Recycle, 89, 1–10.
  33. Narain, V. (2016). Peri-urbanization, Land Use Change and Water security: A New Trigger for Water Conflicts?. Society & Management Review, 5 (1), 5–7.
  34. Nouri, H., Chavoshi Borujeni, S., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2019). The blue water footprint of urban green spaces: An example for Adelaide, Australia. Landscape and urban planning, 190, 1-8.
  35. Omidvar, K., Shafiei, Sh., & Taghizadeh, Z. (2017). Determining drought-prone areas in order to assess the water crisis situation using the standard precipitation index and cluster-interval analysis, case study: Kerman province. Water Resources and Development Publication, 10, 11-51. [In Persian].
  36. Ouyang, Y., Wentz, E. A., Ruddell, B. L., & Harlan, Sh.L. (2014). A multi‐scale analysis of single‐family residential water use in the Phoenix metropolitan area. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 50 (2), 448-467.
  37. Polebitski, A. S. & Palmer, R. N. (2010). Seasonal residential water demand forecasting for census tracts. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 136 (1), 27-36.
  38. Rahnama, H., & Mirasi, S. (2004). Drought and water crisis in the plains of Iran, a case study: Marovdasht and Khanmirza plains in Fars and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari. International Journal of Analytical Research on Water Resources and Development, 10 (3), 139-154. [In Persian].
  39. Renwick, M., Green, R., & McCorkle, Ch. (1998). Measuring the price responsiveness of residential water demand in California's urban areas. California Department of Water Resources.
  40. Robbins, Ch. S., Dawson, D. K., & Dowell, B. A. (1989). Habitat area requirements of breeding forest birds of the middle Atlantic states. Monogr, 103 (34), 1-12.
  41. Rockaway, T. D., Coomes, P. A., Rivard, J., & Kornstein, B. (2011). Residential water use trends in North America. Journal-American Water Works Association, 103 (2), 76-89.
  42. Sampson, R J. (2012). Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  43. Shandas, V. & Parandvash, H. G. (2010). Integrating urban form and demographics in water-demand management: An empirical case study of Portland, Oregon. Environment and planning. B, Planning & Design, 37 (1),112-128.
  44. Shoorian, M. (2016). Comprehensive management of water resources, a sustainable solution to the water crisis. Public Policy Studies Network. [In Persian].
  45. Sonderling, J. & Grover, J. (2014). Which Neighborhoods are the biggest water guzzlers?. Retrieved from http://www.nbclosangeles.com/investigations/Water-Waste-Southern-California-Neighborhoods-278279151.html.
  46. Stoker, P. & Rothfeder, R. (2014). Drivers of urban water use. Sustainable Cities and Society, 12 (7), 1-8.
  47. Troy, Patrick N., Darren Holloway, N., & Randolph. W. (2005). Water use and the built environment: patterns of water consumption in Sydney. Sydney: City Futures Research Centre.
  48. Xu, G., Xu, X., Tang, W., Liu, W., Shi, J., Liu, M., & Wang, K. (2016). Fighting against water crisis in China-A glimpse of water regime shift at county level. Environmental Science & Policy, 61, 33–41.
  49. Yazdandad, H., & Mazloom, B. Z. (2009). Investigating factors affecting the water consumption pattern and its optimization in the domestic sector (case study: Mashhad city). Third National Water and Wastewater Conference (using the consumption pattern approach), Mashhad. [In Persian].
Geographical Planning of Space
Volume 12, Issue 3
November 2022
Pages 105-121

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics