دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 04 Focal Correlation Analysis of the Relationship between Factors Affecting Resilience in the Face of Drought The Case Study of Villages of Kangavar City تحلیل همبستگی کانونی رابطه بین عوامل موثر بر تاب‌آوری در مواجهه با خشک‌سالی مطالعه موردی: روستاهای شهرستان کنگاور 1 16 177441 10.30488/gps.2022.351914.3565 FA احمد ملکان گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران سید علی حسینی گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران سید امیر فتاحیان گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه عدالت، تهران، ایران محمد امین خراسانی گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 1111-0000-2222-0000 Journal Article 2023 03 25 It seems that by introducing the resilience approach to the activities of the disaster management cycle, a comprehensive approach to drought management can be achieved. In this regard, the intended research seeks to explain the process relationships of disaster management, emphasizing the resilience approach based on community capital. This research has been conducted in the form of a focal correlation survey. The focal correlation analysis method was used to investigate the relationship between the set or dimensions of community capital with the set or dimensions of the disaster management cycle using spss22 software. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was 494 rural residents randomly selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The results obtained from the research showed that out of the 3 centers identified, the first one with an eigenvalue of 0.92 explains the most about the model; the value of the coefficient of determination calculated at 0.48 indicates that 48% of the total variance of the community is accounted for by the center. Human capital is the most effective factor in the preparation stage. In the stage of financial capital reduction, it has the most impact on the resilience of society. In the recovery phase, which refers to the post-drought period, the findings showed that cultural capital plays the most important role. Extended Abstract Introduction One of the most traumatic disasters is drought, resulting from climate change and human activities, which has affected Kangavar city, especially rural areas. In a way, that has made Kangavar villages face a more serious crisis in recent years. To the extent that it has led to a decrease in production and an increase in costs, unemployment and a decrease in income sources. In this regard, knowledge of the capacities and bottlenecks of the discussed rural areas and their analysis becomes very important in facing drought. In this regard, a new approach called resilience is proposed, in which the important issue is to pay attention to the talents and capabilities of the local community. Since the crisis management approach emphasizes actions based on government interventions after the event, it seems that the local capacities to face the crisis are being ignored. Based on this, the intended research seeks to analyze the process relationships of disaster management with an emphasis on the resilience approach based on community capital in an integrated manner. This is because management, based on existing capacities, considers residents and the local community as the axis of planning in the management process. It seems that by introducing the resilience approach to the activities of the disaster management cycle, a comprehensive approach to drought management can be achieved, in which the adverse effects of drought can be minimized by using the capacities of the rural community. Also, this approach emphasizes capacities, participation, empowerment, and learning of the rural community to deal with disasters. Methodology The present research is practical-developmental and documentary (library)-survey (descriptive-analytical) in terms of goal and research implementation, respectively. According to the nature of the data, it is a quantitative research type. The method of collecting data and information is both library and field. The estimated sample size based on Cochran's formula was 494 rural residents with an emphasis on household heads, which were identified by multi-stage cluster sampling method. In the next stage, people were selected from among the selected villages. Randomly selected and finally, the questionnaire was distributed among people. In order to analyze the obtained data, the basic or focal correlation method was used. Focal correlation analysis allows the discovery of complex relationships between independent and dependent variables considering the shortcomings of research in the field of drought and resilience in an integrated manner. Results and discussion The analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire showed that human capital is the most effective in the preparation stage, followed by financial, political, and cultural capital, and finally, social, natural, and physical capital, which are not significant. Since people's decision-making in facing critical situations is based on their perception of risk. One of the important factors in promoting resilience is a rational understanding of the current situation. In the stage of financial capital reduction, it has the most impact on the resilience of society. Considering that resilience in new approaches is the capacity to respond to change in an adaptive manner, instead of returning to the stage before the crisis, it seeks transformation and change to a newer state that is more stable in the current situation. Therefore, access to relatively sufficient financial resources has provided enough motivation to enter a newer and more favorable path. The findings also showed that people with relatively favorable financial capital and receiving bank facilities had replaced the traditional irrigation methods with the optimal irrigation methods, which has emerged as the most important measure in reducing the effect of drought. Also, the change in the common cultivation patterns has increased significantly among the villagers. Cultural capital plays the most important role in the recovery phase, which refers to the post- drought period. Considering that cultural capital is a representation of non-economic forces such as family background, values, beliefs, social class, formal education, commitments to education, etc., based on the type of people's vision, people's tendencies, individual and social behavior, and manners are used to regulate interactions with the surrounding environment and provide the ground for mobilizing community resources and collective action to ultimately lead to a compatible dealing with risks through physical and mental resistance in order to achieve acceptable levels of functioning. The findings showed that the cultural and political capital could also provide the basis for improving the level of awareness and knowledge regarding the upcoming phenomena, considering the strengthening of vertical communication between people and rural management institutions, as well as holding training classes. Conclusion The findings of the research showed that the resilience approach has the necessary capacity to be combined with the disaster management approach. That is, by introducing the resilience approach to the activities of the disaster management cycle, a comprehensive approach to drought management can be achieved, in which the adverse effects of drought can be minimized by using the capacities of the rural community. Also, this approach emphasizes capacities, participation, empowerment, and learning of the rural community to deal with disasters. By emphasizing both stages in disaster management and combining them with the resilience approach, a comprehensive approach to dealing with disasters can be achieved. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. با توجه به روند روزافزون بلایای طبیعی، در صورت ترکیب رویکرد تاب‌آوری با چرخه مدیریت بلایا می‌توان به رویکرد جامعی برای مدیریت خشک‌سالی دست‌یافت. ازآنجایی‌که ظرفیت‌های موجود نقشی متفاوت در این فرایند ایفا می‌کنند، در این تحقیق به دنبال آن هستیم تا میزان تأثیر عوامل بر وضعیت تاب‌آوری بر اساس رویکرد سرمایه‌های اجتماعی موردبررسی قرار گیرد. این پژوهش با هدف کاربردی –توسعه‌ای، در قالب مطالعه اسنادی (کتابخانه‌ای) و پیمایشی از نوع همبستگی کانونی انجام‌گرفته است. با توجه به اینکه هدف از تحقیق بررسی وضعیت تاب‌آوری جامعه بر اساس متغیرهای مستقل «سرمایه‌های اجتماع» می‌باشد، از روش تحلیل همبستگی کانونی برای بررسی رابطه بین مجموعه یا ابعاد سرمایه‌های اجتماع با مجموعه یا ابعاد چرخه مدیریت بلایا با استفاده از نرم‌افزار spss22 استفاده گردید. حجم نمونه برآورد شده بر اساس فرمول کوکران، 494 و با روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای و تصادفی نفر برآورد گردید. داده‌های موردنظر با استفاده از پرسشنامه جمع‌آوری گردید. بررسی پایایی داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده نشان از تأیید پایایی در سطح عالی (91/0) بود. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از تحلیل کانونی نشان داد کانون اول با مقدار ویژه 92/0 بیشترین توضیح را درباره مدل می‌دهد، مقدار ضریب تعیین 48/0 محاسبه‌شده کانون اول نشان می‌دهد که 48 درصد از واریانس کل جامعه توسط آن تبیین می‌شود. کانون‌های دوم و سوم نیز به ترتیب حدود 7 و 1 درصد از تغییرات مدل را توضیح می‌دهد. همچنین در مرحله آمادگی، سرمایه انسانی، بیشترین اثربخشی با ضریب کانونی 25/0 دارد، به ترتیب سرمایه مالی، سیاسی و فرهنگی و نهایتاً سرمایه اجتماعی و طبیعی و فیزیکی که معنادار نمی‌باشند. همچنین در مرحله کاهش سرمایه مالی بیشترین تأثیرگذاری را در تاب‌آور سازی جامعه با ضریب کانونی 28/0 بر عهده دارد. در مرحله بازیابی نیز که ناظر بر دوره پس از خشک‌سالی می‌باشد، سرمایه فرهنگی بیشترین نقش را با ضریب کانونی 21/0 ایفا می‌کند.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_177441_fd32ead63649a7bcfdb8d73679650d3e.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 04 Identifying and explaining key drivers affecting citizens' participation in urban waste management The Case Study of Tabriz metropolis شناسایی و تبیین پیشران‌های کلیدی موثر بر مشارکت شهروندان در مدیریت پسماند شهری مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر تبریز 17 35 177442 10.30488/gps.2022.359563.3574 FA باقر خوشنواز گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران میرسعید موسوی گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران شبنم اکبری نامدار گروه معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2023 03 25 The excessive increase in the urban population in recent years has caused an increase in consumption and, as a result, the production of all kinds of waste in urban areas. Currently, one of the most important environmental issues in the city of Tabriz is urban waste management. Knowing the opinions and participation of citizens in waste management is essential. Therefore, the current research aims to identify and explain the key drivers affecting citizens' participation in urban waste management. The current research method is an explanatory description with practical-developmental goals. The required data has been collected in two documentary and field methods. The statistical population is all citizens of the Tabriz metropolis. The results showed that the score obtained on the Likert scale is equal to 3.08. The highest averages for regions 1, 2, 9, and 5 are 3.15, 3.13, 3.12, and 3.11, respectively, and the lowest for region 4 is 3.03. Despite the obtained results, there is a possibility of instability due to the low averages obtained. The relationships between them were explained by extracting 44 factors, applying the opinions of 50 experts to determine the importance of factors, and using the interaction/structural effects analysis method in Mic Micmac Fuzzy software. The results showed that the most effective direct factors include social capacity building, active participation of stakeholders, social trust, social capital, civil society institutions and organizations (CSO), establishing interaction between the participant and the participant, and training the rights and duties of citizenship and NGOs. The obtained factors show the role of social factors, cultural infrastructure, and bottom-up planning, which have been associated with positive feedback and successful experiences worldwide in recent years Extended Abstract Introduction Waste management is one of the most important concerns of human societies. The ever-increasing amount of waste, on the one hand and their diversity, on the other hand, add to the complexity of the conditions and methods of their collection and disposal. Extensive advances in technology and science in various fields of chemistry, physics, medicine, and others have caused the entry of hazardous wastes, even in normal household wastes. Participating in waste management through reducing production and separating waste from each other at the source is one of the most entrepreneurial and economical processing methods in most countries of the world today. In the success of this approach to waste management, residents play a very influential role. Optimal management of services can only be implemented if the residents also participate in it, both in decision-making and policy-making and in the planning and implementation of projects. In other words, the comprehensive definition of participation is individuals' mental and emotional involvement in group situations that motivates them to help each other and share responsibilities to achieve group goals. About 1200 tons of waste are produced in Tabriz city. About 52% of it comprises organic materials, about 1.13% of the city's waste is paper and cardboard, and 19% is made up of recyclable materials such as plastic, metals, glass, etc. In this research, this issue has been addressed in the form of explaining ways to improve citizens' participation in urban waste management in the metropolis of Tabriz, and the capacities of citizens' participation in waste management in each of the management decision-making dimensions have been explored. Methodology The current research is fundamentally-applicative in terms of its purpose and considering that questionnaires and semi-in-depth interviews were used in different stages to collect data. The research method is a descriptive-survey according to the method of data collection. Also, the dominant approach is descriptive-analytical, which is analyzed based on the data obtained from interviews and questionnaires. In order to measure the current situation of 10 districts, a citizenship questionnaire was distributed to 385 people according to the population share of the regions. After theoretical saturation and combining with the results of documentary studies, the results have been extracted in the form of propositions and based on the questionnaire, which has been entrusted to the judgment of elites and experts to determine the importance and degree of influence of each of the criteria. Results and discussion From the point of view of the responding citizens, the score obtained from the collected research data is equal to 3.08 in the Likert scale. The highest extracted averages for regions 1, 2, 9, and 5 are 3.15, 3.13, 3.12, and 3.11, respectively, and the lowest average for region 4 is 3.03. Due to the fact that the average obtained is higher than number three on the Likert scale and despite the fact that these areas are in the middle of the Likert scale, due to the low averages obtained, there is a possibility of instability in this sector as a result of urban mismanagement, which highlights the need for special attention to this sector for those involved in urban management. Despite the difference between the regions in the research discussion, it is important to mention that none of the ten districts of the research got a higher score on the Likert spectrum, and all of them fluctuated around the average score of 3. Therefore, in terms of participation in waste management, there is a significant difference between different areas of Tabriz city. Based on the variables' dispersion patterns, the system is unstable. Conclusion One of the important and vital areas of urban management in these years has been urban waste management, which can take a new path towards sustainable development with the participation of citizens. Participatory management in the matter of urban waste management can optimize different stages of waste management, make people aware of social obligations and urbanization, especially in matters of health and environmental protection, and correct citizens' misconceptions about waste management as It should be very helpful to remove the garbage from the home environment in an individual dimension. As one of the poles of development, Tabriz metropolis needs to review the policies based on the forward-looking forecasts of people's participation in waste management. Based on this, knowing the collaborative patterns and examining future developments to predict them is a necessary and undeniable issue. Determining and influencing variables of the diagram of direct effects in the system, in order of the intensity of the effect, including cases of basic innovations, active participation of beneficiaries or users, economic and recycling benefits of waste collection, development of citizenship skills, culture and neighborhood identity, how Distribution of resources and facilities, focusing on the field of household waste and house-to-house purchase of separated waste. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. افزایش بی‌رویه جمعیت شهری در سال‌های اخیر موجب افزایش بیش‌ازپیش مصرف و درنتیجه تولید انواع پسماند در مناطق شهری گردیده است. در حال حاضر یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائل زیست‌محیطی در شهر تبریز مدیریت پسماند شهری است. آگاهی از نظرات و مشارکت شهروندان در مدیریت پسماند ضروری است. بنابراین هدف از تحقیق حاضر، شناسایی و تبیین پیشران‌های کلیدی موثر بر مشارکت شهروندان در مدیریت پسماند شهری می‌باشد. روش تحقیق حاضر، توصیفی تبیینی با اهداف کاربردی- توسعه‌ای است. داده‌های موردنیاز به دو شیوه اسنادی و میدانی جمع‌آوری‌شده است. جامعـه آماری، کلیه شهروندان کلان‌شهر تبریز می‌باشد. نتایج نشان داد که امتیاز حاصله در طیف لیکرت برابر با 3.08 می‌باشد. بالاترین میانگین‌ها مربوط به مناطق 1 و 2 و 9 و 5 به ترتیب برابر با 3.15، 3.13، 3.12 و 3.11 و کمترین مربوط به منطقه 4 برابر با 3.03 می‌باشد. علی الرغم نتایج حاصله به دلیل پایین بودن میانگین‌های مکتسبه احتمال به وجود آمدن ناپایداری وجود دارد. با استخراج 44 عامل، با اعمال‌نظر 50 خبره نسبت به تعیین میزان اهمیت عوامل و با استفاده از روش تحلیل اثرات متقابل/ ساختاری در نرم‌افزار میک مک فازی به تبیین روابط بین آن‌ها پرداخته شد. نتایج نشان داد که تأثیرگذارترین عوامل مستقیم شامل، ظرفیت‌سازی اجتماعی، مشارکت فعال افراد ذی‌نفع، اعتماد اجتماعی، سرمایه اجتماعی، نهادها و سازمان‌های جامعه مدنی (CSO)، برقراری تعامل بین مشارکت‌کننده و مشارکت شونده، آموزش حقوق و تکالیف شهروندی و NGO و نقش آن می‌باشد. عوامل به‌دست‌آمده مبین نقش عوامل اجتماعی، زیرساخت‌های فرهنگی و در حالت کلی برنامه‌ریزی پایین به بالاست که در سال‌های اخیر با بازخوردهای مثبت و تجارب موفق در سراسر جهان همراه بوده‌اند.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_177442_e3ecb60335dc8aaf4df20404e4fbc77a.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 04 Evaluation of Global and Regional Soil Maps in Flow Forecasting using SWAT Model (Talar Watershed, of Mazandaran Province) ارزیابی دقت نقشه‌های خاک جهانی و منطقه‌ای در پیش‌بینی جریان با استفاده از مدل SWAT حوزه آبخیز تالار استان مازندران 37 53 180516 10.30488/gps.2023.379075.3608 FA بهروز محسنی گروه مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-3751-0285 محمدجواد مهدوی گروه مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران مهدی قربانی فرد گروه مهندسی منابع آب، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2023 03 25 In most developing countries soil georeferenced data is not yet available. The FAO prepared the global map through the Coordinated Global Soil Database. The aim of this study was to evaluate the required details of the regional map in comparison with the soil global map of Talar watershed using the SWAT model. In this model, climatic data of 2004-2017 were used to simulate runoff. The first two years were used as model warm-up period, 2005-2015 for calibration and 2016-2017 for model validation. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, was done in SWAT-CUP software with the help of SUFI-2 algorithm. The evaluation of the model was done using the coefficients of explanation (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) statistics. The available soil water capacity (SOL_AWC) parameter was determined as a sensitive parameter. Before calibration, 32.7% (global) and 29.3% (regional) precipitation was simulated as daily flow. After recalibration based on the regional soil map (NSE=0.56 and R2=0.74) and global (NSE=0.56 and R2=0.64) and in the verification stage according to the regional soil map (NSE=0.59 and R2=0.76) and global (NSE=0.62) and R2=0.75) was estimated. The results showed the acceptable performance of the model in flow simulation. Sub-basin 9 (deciduous forest) and 14 (summer pasture) had the lowest and highest share in runoff production, respectively. The regional map provided more reliable results. Although the additional information provided by the regional map, while changing the optimized parameters in the model, has no effect on the outflow of the basin, the results indicated that the regional soil map has no significant effect on the flow prediction, and if it is not available, the global soil map information can be used. Extended Abstract Introduction Due to the limitation of measurement methods in flood control projects and the need to have a method to generalize existing statistics to basins without statistics or places where measurement is not possible, simulating changes in Future hydrology is one of the main reasons for hydrological simulation. Hydrologists and water resource managers have widely used hydrological models to simulate such changes in the past decades. One of the hydrological models is the Soil and Water Assessment Tools or SWAT model, which was presented in the United States to evaluate the effects of conservation agriculture on hydrological processes and water quality at the watershed scale in 1998. In the SWAT model, the watershed is divided into several sub-basins. Using sub-basins in simulation is beneficial, especially for areas with complex soil characteristics and land use. Then these sub-basins are divided into hydrological response units (HRUs) with the same soil characteristics, land use and management. One important and effective data in this model is soil data and map. Soil data and its related characteristics, including permeability and water retention capacity, determine the amount of runoff production. In most research studies and practical plans, the lack of appropriate soil information prevents researchers and decision-makers from using hydrological models to determine sub-basins sensitive to runoff production. While the existence of soil information (global maps) can make it possible to use hydrological models in basins without measured soil data. This information is such that due to the need for exorbitant cost in stratification and creation of soil profile, usually most areas of the country lack regional soil data, and the need to use the global soil map becomes necessary in such areas. Since this research compares two maps in two different scales for the first time, the main goal of this research is to prepare global and regional soil maps for the Talar watershed of Mazandaran province as one of the most effective SWAT model inputs, the accuracy of this model with two different inputs from soil maps will also be checked in predicting the runoff flow. Methodology The first step to implement the SWAT model is to create hydrological response units (HRUs), which form the basis of the work in this study and the Talar watershed as one of the essential sub-basins of the Mazandaran Sea. HRUs are produced by integrating the map of sub-areas created in the study area (through DEM map), soil map, land use and slope. Finally, based on the input maps to the model, 14 sub-basins and 45 hydrological response units (HRUs) were produced in the study area. According to the input data type (minimum and maximum temperature information), the Hargreaves method was used to estimate daily reference evaporation-transpiration when the data of sunshine hours, relative humidity and wind speed were unavailable. In the simulation, the observational data of 2005-2015 were used for calibration and 2016-2017 for model validation. In order to adapt the model to the existing environmental conditions in the region, the first two years of simulation (2004-2005) were considered to warm up the model. After the calibration, the model's accuracy was measured using the obtained parameters and the observed values that were not used in the calibration stage. In case of acceptable simulation, the model will be ready for use. In order to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of the SWAT model, two coefficients of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE) were used. According to the research based on soil maps, firstly, a global soil map was prepared according to the global raster map, and after analysis in GIS, the soil type of the area was determined and entered into the SWAT database. On the other hand, having the data and soil layers of the region, a regional soil map was prepared, and this map was prepared for entering the SWAT model. After preparing the soil maps (global and regional), the model was implemented twice (the first time by entering the global soil map and the second time by entering the regional soil map). Then, after implementation with two different projects, the outputs of the model were extracted and compared with each other. Finally, to check the model's accuracy using the above maps' inflow forecasting, it was calibrated and verified through SWAT-CUP. Results and Discussion At first, by running the model in two simulation modes (based on the regional and global soil map) in the GIS environment, the Talar watershed was divided into 14 sub-basins and 45 hydrological response units. The results showed that approximately 29.3% of the basin's precipitation and 32.7% of it were lost as base flow or surface flow, respectively, in the global and regional soil maps. Therefore, in these two cases, the simulation resulted in the lowest amount of surface runoff (in the soil map of the region) and the highest amount of evaporation-transpiration (in the global soil map). By analyzing the general sensitivity of the desired parameters, the available soil water capacity parameter (SOL_AWC) was determined as the most sensitive parameter. After the recalibration of the model based on the regional soil map (NSE=0.56 and R2=0.74) and global (NSE=0.56 and R2=0.64) and in the verification stage also according to the regional soil map (NSE=0.59 and R2=0.76) and global (NSE= 0.62 and R2 = 0.75) were estimated. Also, the simulated flow (surface and base flow) decreased after recalibrating the model. Evaporation-transpiration and feeding to the deep aquifer increased due to the reduction of capillary rise from the shallow aquifer and the reduction of the minimum amount of water storage required in the aquifer for the base flow event. Despite improving the model's performance in Talar watershed during calibration and validation using the regional soil map, the simulated discharge at the outlet was higher than the observed discharge. So, in the calibration period, compared to the validation period, the model predicted the peak discharge much better. Using the global soil map, the model overestimated the discharge compared to the regional soil map. Therefore, the global soil map showed less accuracy than the regional soil map in the SWAT model, and the results of this research also showed that using soil information with good resolution can improve flow prediction. Conclusions In this study, we used soil information from regional and global soil maps to evaluate the effect of soil data representation and spatial variability. Flow forecasting was done in basin hydrology simulation using the SWAT hydrological model. Before calibrating the model, other water balance components decreased compared to calibrating period except for evapotranspiration. There is no significant difference between the coefficients obtained in the calibration and validation periods of the model. Therefore, the obtained coefficients show the model's efficiency in the direction of runoff simulation in Talar watershed. The results indicate that the use of regional soil information with more spatial details does not significantly affect flow prediction, and global soil information in the form of a global map can be used if this information is unavailable. The additional information provided in the regional soil map, although it can change the optimized parameters in the model, does not affect the watershed discharge. Our simulation results showed the effect of the global soil map used on flow forecasting for Talar watershed, and good resolution soil information (such as regional soil map) can also improve flow forecasting. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper در اکثر کشورهای درحال‌توسعه، داده‌های جامع مرجع مکانی دقیق خاک هنوز در دسترس نیست. FAO از طریق پایگاه داده هماهنگ شده جهانی خاک، نقشه جهانی را آماده‌سازی کرد. هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی جزئیات موردنیاز نقشه منطقه‌ای در مقایسه با نقشه جهانی خاک حوزه آبخیز تالار با استفاده از مدل SWAT بود. در این مدل، داده‌های اقلیمی 2017-2004 برای شبیه‌سازی رواناب استفاده شد. دو سال اول به‌عنوان دوره گرم کردن مدل، سال‌های 2015-2005 جهت واسنجی و 2017-2016 برای صحت‌سنجی مدل بکار گرفته شد. تحلیل حساسیت و عدم قطعیت در نرم‌افزار SWAT-CUP با کمک الگوریتم SUFI-2 انجام شد. ارزیابی مدل با استفاده از آماره‌های ضرایب تبیین (R2) و نش- ساتکلیف (NSE) انجام شد. پارامتر ظرفیت آبِ قابل‌دسترس خاک، پارامتر حساس تعیین شد. بارش (جریان روزمینی) قبل از واسنجی، 7/32 درصد (جهانی) و 3/29 درصد (منطقه‌ای) شبیه‌سازی شد. پس از واسنجی بر اساس نقشه خاک منطقه‌ای (NSE=0.56 و R2= 0.74) و جهانی (NSE=0.56 و R2= 0.64) و در مرحله صحت‌سنجی نیز به ترتیب منطقه‌ای (NSE=0.59 و R2= 0.76) جهانی (NSE=0.62 و R2= 0.75) برآورد گردید. نتایج بیانگر عملکرد قابل‌قبول مدل در شبیه‌سازی جریان بود. زیر حوضه 9 (جنگل برگ‌ریز) و 14 (چراگاه تابستانه) به ترتیب کمترین و بیشترین سهم را در تولید رواناب داشتند. نقشه منطقه‌ای نتایج مطمئن‌تری ارائه نمود. اگرچه اطلاعات اضافی ارائه‌شده نقشه منطقه‌ای ضمن تغییر پارامترهای بهینه‌شده در مدل، فاقد تأثیر بر جریان خروجی حوضه است، نتایج حاکی از عدم تأثیر قابل‌توجه نقشه خاک منطقه‌ای، بر پیش‌بینی جریان بود و می‌توان در صورت عدم دسترسی آن، از اطلاعات نقشه خاک جهانی استفاده کرد.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_180516_62253950e43614197b96ccdff119342e.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 05 Investigating the Relationship between Regional Spatial Structure, Dispersion and the Pattern of Intercity Travel in the Provinces of Iran بررسی ارتباط میان ساختار فضایی منطقه‌ای، پراکنده رویی و الگوی سفر بین‌شهری در استان‌های ایران 55 70 180538 10.30488/gps.2022.350445.3563 FA صدیقه لطفی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران 0000-0001-6467-0642 مجتبی شهابی شهمیری گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-7670-2509 ساسان روشناس گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2023 03 26 Many experts and regional planners believe that multicenter development can create a balance between growth, dispersion, and compression, and while protecting land, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing motor vehicle trips. Based on this, this article seeks to strengthen the decision makers' understanding of its application by examining the relationship between polycentricity or monocentricity in 31 country provinces, the travel pattern and scattered behaviour. Thus, the logic of the current research is comparative and based on descriptive and correlational methods. First, using two criteria of city size distribution and spatial distribution of centres, the degree of polycentricity of the country's provinces was determined. Then, using Pearson's correlation, the relationship between the spatial structure indicators and topographically dispersed variables and travel patterns at the level of the country's provinces was investigated. The results show that more polycentric provinces generate more trips per person (personal and public). Also, there is a positive and significant link (0.825) between the spatial distribution of cities, the degree of polycentricity of provinces and energy consumption caused by transportation. Although, at first glance, the increase in the share of trips by private car can appear as a threat in multi-centred areas, but according to the travel demand, it can be an economic justification for strengthening public transportation and an opportunity to reduce pollution, especially in multi-centred metropolitan areas. In addition, there is an inverse relationship between the size distribution of cities, and the number and area of building permits (respectively, -0.37 and -0.36), which can indicate the weakening of economic incentives for urban sprawl. Finally, it seems that the polycentric-intensive model can be a more suitable structure for sustainable development. Extended Abstract Introduction Today, the role of urban structure has been revealed as an essential factor in facilitating travel, as it provides a framework for locating homes and businesses. After the publication of the European spatial development vision document (1999), polycentric development became a promising tool to achieve the macro goals of spatial policies, such as promoting social cohesion, economic competitiveness, and environmental sustainability. Since such political goals are often set on a large scale, they are also easily accepted on smaller scales. Regarding the relationship between a polycentric city and environmental sustainability, some authors refer to polycentric development as a middle ground for the spatial organization of monocentric/compact areas and scattered areas. According to them, this model can allow the regions to benefit from the benefits of spatial expansion without paying the cost of the scattered development mentioned in the literature. Even in terms of traffic, polycentric development can facilitate shorter distances and the use of public transport. Therefore, a more sustainable movement pattern in terms of time and pollution emissions. In this way, considering the country's political system, the lack of multi-level governance, and policies on local features and characteristics, the provincial scale and the morphological dimension is the most important point of intersection. Also, conducting comparative studies examining the relationships between polycentric indicators and environmental sustainability in different contexts and comparing them with other countries' findings can resolve ambiguities. Based on this, the present article examines the relationship between the polycentric city, dispersion indicators, and energy consumption caused by travel flows. Methodology Considering the nature of the topic and the hypotheses raised about the relationship between polycentric cities, travel patterns, and dispersion, the correlation method has been used in this research. In this regard, firstly, the degree of the polycentric city or monocentric of the provinces was measured based on the components of the size distribution of the cities and their spatial distribution and compared with each other. For this purpose, urban primate city index was exerted to measure the size distribution of cities and their spatial distribution. Also, hot spots analysis in GIS was exploited. After calculating the indices, the obtained values were standardized and combined to define the degree of the polycentric city of the provinces between 0 and 1. The number 1 indicates a completely polycentric spatial structure. The data in this section have been collected from the statistical yearbook of 2015. Then, using Pearson's correlation, the relationship between spatial structure indicators and dispersion variables and travel patterns at the level of the provinces was investigated. Results and discussion The results show that Mazandaran, Golestan, and Kurdistan are the most balanced provinces of the country in terms of population size distribution. On the other hand, the provinces of Qom, Tehran, Alborz, Yazd, Khorasan Razavi, and Isfahan, respectively, have a higher level of urban importance. In terms of spatial distribution, Mazandaran's natural and geographical features have formed a completely decentralized spatial area, which defines this province as a completely polycentric region from this point of view. Thus, Mazandaran is at the top of this list, and after that, Kerman, Khuzestan, and Fars provinces are known as the most decentralized provinces of the country. On the other hand, Qom, Tehran, and Alborz provinces should be introduced as the most concentrated provinces of the country in terms of space. Finally, from the sum of the standardized scores of the two components of center size distribution and their spatial distribution, the degree of the polycentric city of the country's provinces was determined. The results of this section show that the provinces of Mazandaran, Kerman, Khuzestan, and West Azarbaijan are the most polycentric. On the contrary, the provinces of Qom, Tehran, Yazd, and Alborz are the most monocentric provinces of the country. An important point in this evaluation is the intermediate structures so that the main parts of the country's provinces are located in one of the forms of a scattered monocentric region or a centralized a polycentric region. For example, Ilam and Semnan provinces can be introduced as examples of relatively polycentric but concentrated regions. One of the first assumptions related to the benefits of polycentric region is its support for public transportation and reducing dependence on private cars. Examining the analysis findings among the 31 provinces of the country shows an inverse relationship between the rank-size index and the share of public trips. Conclusion In recent years, many researchers believed that polycentric spatial structures could balance economic growth, territorial cohesion, and environmental sustainability. This has caused many studies on the effectiveness and efficiency of these areas in different spatial scales. While most studies focus on economic and social goals and metropolitan or national scales, examining the relationship between spatial structure indicators and environmental sustainability at the regional scale has been largely neglected. In this regard, the present study seeks to examine this assumption in the provinces of the country by measuring the polycentric city of the spatial structure and emphasizing the two components of the pattern of intercity travel and dispersion. In examining the relationship between dispersion and polycentric city indicators, the findings indicate an inverse and positive link between the rank-size index and the spatial distribution of cities with the increase in permits and the area of construction of residential units, respectively. In other words, a set of small and medium-sized cities that are close can avoid the increase of residential construction as an indicator of dispersion. These findings somehow support polycentric urban areas. However, when the number of households is considered in the number of constructions, there is no intermediate link between population balance and the increase and area of constructions; instead, this link with spatial distribution is still established. Funding There is no funding support. Author’s Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper بسیاری از صاحب‌نظران و برنامه‌ریزان منطقه‌ای معتقدند، توسعه چندمرکزی، می‌توانند تعادلی میان رشد، پراکندگی و فشردگی ایجاد کنند و ضمن حفاظت از اراضی، با کاهش سفرهای وسایل نقلیه موتوری از انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای ناشی از آن بکاهند. بر این اساس، مقاله حاضر در پی آن است تا با بررسی ارتباط میان چند مرکزیتی یا تک مرکزیتی 31 استان کشور، الگوی سفر و پراکنده رویی، درک تصمیم سازان را نسبت به کاربست آن تقویت کند. بدین ترتیب، منطق پژوهش حاضر قیاسی و مبتنی بر روش‌های توصیفی و همبستگی است. ابتدا با استفاده از دو معیار توزیع اندازه شهرها و پراکنش فضایی مراکز، میزان چند مرکزیتی استان‌های کشور تعیین شد. سپس با استفاده از همبستگی پیرسون، ارتباط میان شاخص‌های ساختار فضایی و متغیرهای پراکنده رویی و الگوهای سفر در سطح استان‌های کشور موردبررسی شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد، استان‌های چند مرکزی‌تر، به ازای هر نفر (شخصی و عمومی) سفرهای بیشتری تولید می‌کنند. همچنین بین پراکنش فضایی شهرها، میزان چند مرکزیتی استان‌ها و مصرف انرژی ناشی از حمل‌ونقل، پیوندی مثبت و معنادار (825/0) وجود دارد. اگرچه، در نگاه اول، افزایش سهم سفرها با خودرو شخصی، می‌تواند تهدیدی در مناطق چندمرکزی به نظر آید اما با توجه به تقاضای سفر می‌تواند توجیهی اقتصادی برای تقویت حمل‌ونقل عمومی و فرصتی برای کاهش آلودگی‌ها به‌خصوص در مناطق کلان‌شهری چندمرکزی باشد. به‌علاوه، بین توزیع اندازه شهرها، تعداد و مساحت پروانه‌های ساختمانی پیوندی معکوس (به ترتیب، 37/0- و 36/0-) برقرار است که می‌تواند حاکی از تضعیف محرک‌های اقتصادی برای پراکنده رویی در شهرها باشد. در نهایت، به نظر می‌رسد الگوی چندمرکزی- فشرده می‌تواند ساختار مناسب‌تری برای توسعه پایدار باشد.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_180538_8d2dd2f6f0c8d379b81fd2b006ad52f3.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 05 Assessing the Feasibility of Smart City Indicators in the Contemporary Context of Iranian Cities the Case study of Babol City ارزیابی میزان تحقق‌پذیری شاخص‌های شهر هوشمند در تناسب بافت معاصر شهرهای ایران مطالعه موردی: شهر بابل 71 90 177443 10.30488/gps.2023.375355.3602 FA کورش رضاپور گتاپی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران. 0000-0001-6398-3065 بختیار عزت پناه گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، واحد ملکان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ملکان، ایران بشیر بیگ بابایی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران. 0000-0002-7790-6738 Journal Article 2023 03 26 It is necessary to evaluate the physical texture of Babol according to the local characteristics and the spatial structure of the city and the reasons for its need for spatial reconstruction from the perspective of the smart city approach because urban management can consider defined areas for the city areas that should be accompanied by With technological standards and appropriate policies, the economic and social revitalization of the day in the form of technological development will help the smart city. This research is applied research done with analytical methods and a quantitative approach. The statistical population of the current research includes two sections of experts, whose number is 20 based on available sampling and Babol city residents based on Cochran's formula and random sampling. Two methods of SWARA, determining the importance of indicators, and WASPAS, ranking urban areas, were used for the data. Also, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation, regression and Scheffe's post hoc test were used in SPSS software and structural equations in Amos software. According to the results, the indicators of a smart economy, smart government, smart life, smart citizen, smart environment and smart mobility are important in realizing a smart city. Also, based on the results of WASPAS, one area of Babol has a more favorable situation. Therefore, it is necessary for those in charge to pay special attention and have an application program for Region 2 and the context of the city of Babol in general in order to make it smart and achieve sustainable development. Extended Abstract Introduction In the new paradigm of urban management, new roles and functions, such as the smart city have been included to lead the urban management system and citizens in correct policy-making, planning, supervision, guidance, and rational control of urban life. The context of the city of Babylon in terms of spatial information infrastructure and the smart city, which is increasing relatively, and every day must gain its ability to respond to the needs of a new life more and more and be filled with life and habitation, and be upgraded in terms of biological order to be able to People's participation and supervision should be increased to improve the quality of spaces and practically do not hinder the achievement of other sustainable development goals. Urban planners are always looking for a way to improve urban interactions by searching for new models to provide various types of urban services and cultural events in various ways. In the first step, the current research tries to evaluate the physical fabric of the city of Babylon according to the local characteristics and the spatial organization of the city and the region and the reasons for its need for spatial reconstruction from the perspective of the smart city approach because urban management can consider defined areas for urban areas, which technological standards and appropriate policies for the economic and social revitalization of the day in the form of technological development with the help of a smart city should accompany. Methodology The current research is in the applied research category, which was conducted using the case-analytical and quantitative approaches. In order to collect and prepare the required information, field and library methods have been exerted. The statistical population of this research, using the SWARA method, includes a group of experts in urban studies, 20 of whom were selected by convenience sampling. The WASPAS method includes the residents of Babol, 384 people using the Cochran method and random distribution. In the first step, the indicators of the smart city were identified by reviewing the theoretical foundations and previous sources. The indicators in the form of a questionnaire, which had a 5-point Likert scale, were distributed among the statistical samples. SWARA multi-indicator weighting method was used to analyze the obtained information and evaluate the degree of importance of each index. Also, the WASPAS method has been used to determine the benefit of each studied region from the investigated indicators. In the following, one-sample t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and Scheffe's post hoc test were used in SPSS software to analyze the data. In the final part, in order to model structural equations in AMOS software, the most important indicators of the smart city were studied in evaluating the texture of Babol. Results and discussion In the first part, the evaluation results of the t-test show that the average indices of the representative elements of the city of Babol compared to the ideal values of each index show that the average of both regions is more than 3, a higher level than the average. In general, Region 1 is in a better situation; the results of the Q value ranking show that Region 1 has a favorable situation than Region 2. According to the results, the relationship and correlation of the general index of the representative elements of the Babol city texture and its 12 evaluated indicators with the smart city approach were confirmed at a confidence level of 99%, and an error level of less than 0.001, all of them were positive and directly significant. According to the evaluation results of the correlation test, the strongest relationship among the investigated indicators is the social culture index and then the naturalness index, sustainable urban environment, balance, interconnectedness from the inside, compatibility of systems, the relationship between components and components with the whole (hierarchy of science), safety and security, similarity or diversity, holism, interaction between the user and the environment and urban facilities respectively with the smart city approach. Based on beta values, the effect of all independent variables except the urban facilities index is statistically significant. The results also show that the highest beta values are respectively related to naturalness indicators, the interaction between user and environment, connection between parts and parts with the whole (hierarchy of knowledge), interconnectedness from within, social culture, safety and security, the sustainable urban environment balance, compatibility of systems, similarity or diversity, holism, and urban facilities. Conclusion The results of this research, while agreeing with the results of previous ones, show that in addition to the richness of theory and methodology, it opens a new epistemology around the smart city, which is recently mentioned in the foreign literature with titles such as smart livable cities, smart and creative urban places SRUP), Smart City Tech project or smart city model to accelerate smart transformation based on information and communication technology (ICT) and sustainable smart city regeneration approach (Smart-SUR) with innovative "institutional", "project", and "budget" components in projects. The intelligence of big cities is mentioned. According to the findings of the two SWARA and WASPAS methods, the creation of communication infrastructure and the achievement of a transportation network, advanced and integrated traffic, and the improvement of road network safety, the increasing use of smart city elements and equipment in the empowerment and employment creation of local businesses and the implementation of experiences and successful projects implemented in other urban areas and the creation of facilities to encourage the renovation of historical contexts and create opportunities for social interactions based on the smart city approach should be put on the agenda. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ارزیابی بافت کالبدی شهر بابل با توجه به ویژگی‌های محلی و ساختار فضایی شهر و دلایل نیازمندی آن به بازساخت فضایی از منظر رویکرد شهر هوشمند ضروری است، چراکه مدیریت شهری می‌تواند حوزه‌های تعریف‌شده‌ای برای مناطق شهر در نظر بگیرد که باید همراه با استانداردهای تکنولوژیک و سیاست‌های متناسب باززنده‌سازی اقتصادی و اجتماعی روز در قالب توسعه فناورانه به مدد شهر هوشمند باشد. این پژوهش در زمره تحقیقات کاربردی است که با روش تحلیلی و رویکرد کمی انجام‌گرفته است. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل دو بخش خبرگان، که تعداد 20 نفر بر اساس نمونه‌گیری در دسترس و ساکنان شهر بابل مبتنی بر فرمول کوکران و نمونه‌گیری تصادفی می‌باشد. برای داده‌ها از دو روش سوارا، تعیین میزان اهمیت شاخص‌ها، و واسپاس، رتبه‌بندی مناطق شهری بهره گرفته شد. همچنین از آزمون‌های تی، تحلیل واریانس (ANOVA)، همبستگی، رگرسیون و آزمون تعقیبی شفه در نرم‌افزار SPSS و معادلات ساختاری در نرم‌افزار Amos استفاده‌شده است. مطابق نتایج، شاخص‌های اقتصاد هوشمند، دولت هوشمند، زندگی هوشمند، شهروند هوشمند، محیط‌زیست هوشمند و جابه‌جایی هوشمند، به ترتیب، در تحقق شهر هوشمند دارای اهمیت هستند. همچنین بر اساس نتایج واسپاس، منطقه یک شهر بابل از وضعیت مطلوب‌تری برخوردار است. لذا ضروری است تا متولیان امر توجه ویژه و برنامه‌ای کاربردی برای منطقه 2 و به‌طورکلی بافت شهر بابل در راستای هوشمند سازی و تحقق توسعه پایدار داشته باشند

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_177443_4a71afd8d2032de1a16a290ff378ab38.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 06 Presenting a Model of Sustainable Development based on Urban Branding Indicators the Case study of Bushehr Province ارائه الگوی توسعه پایدار مبتنی بر شاخص‌های برند سازی شهری مطالعه موردی: استان بوشهر 91 107 180930 10.30488/gps.2023.398656.3647 FA اعظم صالحی گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت، واحد کرمان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران مهدی محمد باقری گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت، واحد کرمان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران 0009-0006-7011-9113 سنجر سلاجقه گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت، واحد کرمان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران Journal Article 2023 03 27 Nowadays, urban branding plays a necessary role in the process of sustainable development, which, due to the growing growth of urban development in cultural, economic, environmental, etc. dimensions, requires a targeted and comprehensive planning to keep pace with sustainable development. This research deals with the strategic analysis of urban branding and its effect on sustainable development indicators, so that by examining the current situation, it can help to improve the development and branding of the city and consequently achieve sustainable development in the province. The methods of collecting information are library studies and questionnaires. The statistical population of this research consists of two groups. The first group is experts who are aware of the subject, the number of people in this population is unknown and the sample size used is 50 people, and the second group includes policy makers and senior managers, employees with higher education in Bushehr province with a number of 37751 people, and the sample size is using Cochran's formula, the number of people is determined to be 382. The data used were collected through 4 questionnaires whose validity and reliability have been confirmed, and structural equations method with partial least squares approach and SMART PLS software were used to measure the structures and relationships between them. The results indicate that 89.9% of the changes in the dependent variable of development are predicted by the independent variable of the research, and at the confidence level of 95%, the variable of strategic analysis of urban branding has a positive and significant relationship with the development model. Therefore, it is suggested that the urban policy makers, in addition to the strategic analysis of the external and future environment, pay attention to the influence of urban branding factors and compile an urban planning document along with sustainable development. Extended Abstract Introduction An urban brand is an effective tool for the development of cities. It is a distinguishing feature of cities that increases their success and affects value creation and social, cultural, political, and economic development, investment attraction and development, tourism industry boom, and technology transfer. Studies show that the leading cities in the world, which have become the main symbol of their country and are close to the indicators of sustainable urban development, are the cities that have made good use of the branding of their city or country. In the meantime, Bushehr province, having a strategic and geo-economic position, can play its role more in the southern region of Iran. In terms of having different potentials, this province can be the owner of a brand in various fields, but so far, in the discussion of preparing branding plans that can influence the development of this province and specifically provide a solution regarding the creation of a city brand. Based on this, the establishment and necessity of creating the brand of Bushehr province is an important issue that can be an effective factor in achieving sustainable development through gaining the credibility and trust of investors to establish various industries or attract domestic and foreign tourists. Methodology The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of the data collection method, based explicitly on structural equation modeling. The statistical community in this research is experts who are aware of the subject, including senior managers, policymakers, and opinionated faculty members of the province, and the second group includes all experts with high education from the executive bodies and government organizations of Bushehr province. The research questions were tested on structural equation modeling based on the partial least squares technique and SmartPLS2 software. Results and discussion According to the analysis of the existing articles and books, 93 indexes have been extracted from the books and articles related to the research topic. Considering that in the questionnaires sent to the experts, they were asked to remove the useless indicators and suggest useful indicators to be added to the questionnaires of the following courses, the number of indicators suggested by experts in urban branding index and development has been reduced to 5 and 81 indices, respectively. The PLS results show that all the variables of the first and second layers have good construct (convergent) reliability. Also, the mean square root of the variance extracted from the correlation between the research variables is higher, so the research variables have good divergent validity. The coefficient of determination shows that the independent variable of the research predicts 89.9% of changes in the dependent variable. The analysis between the two variables showed that the t-statistic value is 19.8, and because this value is more significant than 1.96, the hypothesis was confirmed. In addition, the results showed that urban branding with a path coefficient of 0.948 has a very positive effect. Strong on sustainable development. Conclusion While investigating the concept of urban branding, the present research tried to extract the existing status of the urban brand and the development indicators of Bushehr province and finally achieve a development model based on the analysis of the urban branding indicators of Bushehr province. The results of the analysis show that at the confidence level of 95%, the variable of branding indicators has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development model of Bushehr province. Sustainable development is a broad method that seeks to balance economic, cultural, social, and environmental dimensions, and Bushehr province is at the developed level in the mentioned dimensions. Although, by examining the current situation of the province's development dimensions, there is a difference between the provinces' cities, and sustainable development is focused on the center of the province and several cities; therefore, urban branding policymakers should develop with the cooperation of residents and senior city managers and with common goals to create growth. Furthermore, success for the city and globalization will bring a new attitude. Focused strategy and cooperation between residents, business community, and urban management to be able to take preventive measures instead of responding to the ever-changing needs of the population are also necessary in order to develop the development planning of the province, in addition to the strategic analysis of urban branding paid attention to the effect of these factors on the dimensions of development, and by using the high potentials of the province and using the principles of urban branding to design, improve and modify plans and decisions, a big step should be taken in the direction of sustainable development. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. امروزه برند سازی شهری نقش ضروری در فرآیند توسعه پایدار ایفا می‌کند که با توجه به رشد روزافزون توسعه شهری در ابعاد فرهنگی، اقتصادی، زیست‌محیطی و ... نیاز به یک برنامه‌ریزی هدفمند و جامع برای همگام شدن با توسعه پایدار می‌باشد. این پژوهش به تحلیل شاخص‌های برند سازی شهری و تأثیر آن بر توسعه پایدار می‌پردازد تا بتوان با بررسی وضعیت موجود به بهبود توسعه و برند سازی شهری و به‌تبع رسیدن به توسعه پایدار در استان کمک نماید. روش‌های جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و پرسشنامه می‌باشد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش متشکل از دو گروه می‌باشد. گروه اول را خبرگان آگاه به موضوع که تعداد افراد موجود در این جامعه آماری نامشخص و حجم نمونه مورداستفاده 50 نفر و گروه دوم شامل سیاست‌گذاران و مدیران ارشد، کارکنان دارای تحصیلات عالی در استان بوشهر با تعداد 37751 نفر می‌باشند و حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، تعداد 382 نفر تعیین‌شده است. داده‌های مورداستفاده از طریق 4 پرسشنامه که روایی و پایایی آن‌ها مورد تأیید قرارگرفته است، جمع‌آوری گردیدند و برای اندازه‌گیری سازه‌ها و روابط بین آن‌ها از روش معادلات ساختاری با رویکرد حداقل مربعات جزئی و نرم‌افزارSMART PLS استفاده‌شده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که 9/89 درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته توسط متغیر مستقل تحقیق پیش‌بینی می‌شود و در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد، متغیر برند سازی شهری با مقدار آماره تی 8/19 مدل توسعه رابطه مثبت و معناداری دارد. علاوه بر این نتایج نشان داد برند سازی شهری با ضریب مسیر 948/0 تأثیر مثبت و بسیار قوی بر توسعه پایدار دارد.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_180930_d22749db9144c2b9004fa3701e6ef626.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 06 Explanation the Factors Affecting the Livability of Rural Settlements The Case Study of Rural Settlements of Ilam Township تبیین عوامل موثر بر زیست‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی مطالعه موردی: سکونتگاه‌های روستایی شهرستان ایلام 109 132 177226 10.30488/gps.2023.392939.3633 FA مهدی نیک سرشت گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0002-0439-9632 حسین فراهانی گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0002-7039-4100 بهروز محمدی یگانه گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0002-0439-9632 شاه بختی رستمی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-3477-4018 Journal Article 2023 03 27 The truth of livability considering that it refers to the degree of providing the necessities of a society based on the needs and capacity of the people of that society for the growth and development of rural settlements, or in other words, livability promotes quality of life and development of the concepts of the quality of people's living environment so that it provided the best ways of life for them. The present study was conducted to identify and explain the factors affecting the livability of rural settlements using the method of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and correlation coefficient as a survey method. In this research, 6543 heads of rural households in the city of Ilam were surveyed to identify and explain factors contributing to rural settlements' livability. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 363 people, and the sample was selected randomly and the quota sampling method. In this study, a questionnaire was exerted, experts confirmed content validity, and reliability was verified by a pre-test and Cronbach's alpha of 0.864 percent.The results show that the social dimension with a correlation coefficient of 780/. and the explanation coefficient of 66.73%, the economic dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.593 and the explanation coefficient of 73.66%, the physical dimension with a correlation coefficient of 587. and the explanatory factor of 68.12% and the environmental dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.585 and an explanatory factor of 23.23% affect the livability of rural settlements in Ilam Township. The results also show that the most important factors affecting livability in the social dimension are working groups with 0.782, in the economic dimension the existence of savings and the appropriateness of living expenses in the village with 0.897 and 0.854, in the physical dimension access to service uses at the regional level with 821. 0 and in the environmental aspect, the lack of houses in the flood path is 0.794. Extended Abstract Introduction Since the beginning of human settlements, villages have been the center of civilization and progress, but in recent decades, the technology industry, production methods, etc., have undergone profound changes. In most developing countries, the development path is considered a challenge when it comes to national development, which arises from the growth and development of rural settlements. Therefore, as a comprehensive framework that is made of human development and society’s well-being based on the increase of the dual physical-environmental and cultural dimensions of each space. That is why its main and general meaning is that achieving livability or achieving the quality of planning or place can be sustainable if it considers broad economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions in rural settlements. Interchangeably, livability is a capability in the residential environment that allows for a peaceful, safe, valuable, interactive and stable residence with the social and psychological well-being of the inhabitants. As a result, only respecting nature and not wasting natural resources strengthen social life. It provides collective spaces and connections between places and activities. Based on this, today, livability planning provides villages with awareness and proper training to accept economic, social, and cultural changes. Last but certainly not least, it provides physical and environmental conditions in line with the development of settlements. Methodology According to the Cochran formula, the sample size for this study is 363 people with descriptive, analytic and survey methods. In order to analyze the data and influence the livability of settlements in rural areas, the questionnaire is the main research tool. Experts in this field have confirmed the content validity of the items. A questionnaire with a Likert scale was developed to check the reliability of the sample of 30 people outside the original sample based on the variables prepared in four social, economic, physical, and environmental dimensions. Based on the necessary changes made to the mentioned questionnaire, the results obtained from the pre-test confirmed the reliability or acceptable reliability of the study and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.864%. For a more detailed examination of the topic and classification of variables, factor analysis and correlation coefficients have been exerted, as well as descriptive statistics. In order to obtain significant factors, Bartlett’s test, KMO coefficient, and T-value were applied, and the data was analyzed in SPSS and LISREL software to perform a factor analysis of varimax rotation. Results and discussion In the region’s ancient and historical past, the important factor in the livability of rural settlements has been the social factor. Today, management, training, and security are among the most important factors. Rural settlements can be made livable through effective and efficient management, which is defined by the performance of local officials. In fact, their positive performance in resolving village issues and problems with the help and participation of the people. As a result of the research, KOM is 0.715, Bartlett is 4025.509, with 325 degrees of freedom and significant level (Sig= 0.001). Keyser indicates that seven factors are above one with 66.73% and that management and education have the greatest impact on rural settlements' viability with 26.728%. In term of the economy of the villages, the fertile lands, forest, and pasture in the region contribute to 0.728. Bartlett 237.438 with a degree of freedom of 55, which is significant (sig=0.001), the employment and income factor with 30.45% showed the most significant impact on rural settlements' economic viability when considering the Keyser factor with 73.76%. As one of the major factors that determine the livability of settlements in a region, the expansion of transportation networks contributes to the availability of services, in order to receive these essential services, villages must have good roads and be located close to Ilam, the mother city of the province. There are 109 degrees of freedom with the KOM value of 0.811 and the Bartlett value (3493.706) at a significant level (sig=0.001), and in the Keyser factor, five factors have eigenvalues above on with 68.135. In the environmental aspect, the region has beautiful natural landscapes, springs, rivers, forests, gardens, and transportation, with 15.72 percent showing the greatest impact. According to KOM 0.785 and Bartlett 2941.726, which are at a significant level (sig=0.001), these landscapes have made villages more habitable. There are four factors that have specific value above one, which include 23.65% of rural settlements’ environmental viability Conclusion According to this study, livability is comprised of four interdependent economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions. Socio-cultural viability is linked to how society is organized, people's sense of belonging to their place and their awareness of society. The economy provides jobs and income and meets the needs of the society. Housing, infrastructure facilities, transportation and public spaces for recreation and leisure determine the physical livability of rural areas. Natural resources, waste disposal capacities, and the relationship between humans and the environment are also considered as part of the environment. Furthermore, the results indicate that the social dimension, with 0.61, had the greatest impact on rural settlements' livability, followed by the economic dimensions, with 0.56, the physical dimension, with 0.32, and the environmental dimension, with 0.38. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. حقیقت زیست‌پذیری با توجه به اینکه اشاره به درجه تأمین ملزومات یک جامعه بر مبنای نیازها و ظرفیت افراد آن جامعه برای رشد و توسعه سکونتگاه‌های روستایی دارد یا به عبارتی زیست‌پذیری ترویج و توسعه مفاهیم کیفیت محیط زندگی مردم است تا بهترین شیوه‌های زیستی برای آن‌ها فراهم شود پژوهش حاضر باهدف شناسایی و تبیین عوامل موثر بر زیست‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تأییدی و ضریب همبستگی، به‌صورت روش پیمایشی انجام‌گرفته است. جامعه آماری تحقیق 6543 نفر از سرپرستان خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان ایلام می‌باشند. حجم نمونه از طریق فرمول کوکران 363 نفر برآورد شده و نمونه‌ها به روش نمونه‌گیری سهمیه‌ای و به‌صورت تصادفی و با انتساب متناسب برای هر روستا انتخاب گردید. ابزار تحقیق پرسشنامه بوده که روایی محتوایی ابزار توسط کارشناسان خبره مورد تأیید قرارگرفته و تعیین پایایی آن با آلفا کرونباخ با 846/0 درصد مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. یافته‌های تحقق نشان می‌دهند که، بعد اجتماعی با ضریب همبستگی 780/. و ضریب تبیین 73/66 درصد، بعد اقتصادی با ضریب همبستگی 593/0 و ضریب تبیین 66/73 درصد، بعد کالبدی با ضریب همبستگی 587/. و ضریب تبیین 12/68 درصد و بعد زیست‌محیطی با ضریب همبستگی 585/0 و ضریب تبیین 23/23 درصد بر زیست‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی شهرستان ایلام تأثیرگذار می‌باشند. نتایج نیز بیانگر مهم‌ترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر زیست‌پذیر در بعد اجتماعی، کارگروهی با 782/0، در بعد اقتصادی وجود پس‌انداز و مناسب بودن هزینه‌های زندگی در روستا با 897/0 و 854/0، در بعد کالبدی دسترسی به کاربری‌های خدماتی در سطح منطقه با 821/0 و در بعد زیست‌محیطی عدم قرارگیری منازل در مسیر سیلاب با 794/0 می‌باشند.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_177226_bbad1018bd5779b8efc08bfdc66fc127.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 06 Drought Risk Analysis using Drought Risk Assessment Indices The Case Study of Khorasan Razavi Province تجزیه‌وتحلیل خطر خشک‌سالی با استفاده از شاخص‌های ارزیابی ریسک خشک‌سالی مطالعه موردی: استان خراسان رضوی 133 150 180932 10.30488/gps.2023.387240.3622 FA مهدی زارعی گروه پژوهشی جغرافیا، مرکز پژوهشی علوم جغرافیایی و مطالعات اجتماعی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران 0000-0002-9672-0066 مهناز ناعمی تبار گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران 0000-0003-1625-8412 رحمان زندی گروه سنجش‌ازدور، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران 0000-0003-3671-3312 Journal Article 2023 03 27 Considering the persistence of drought and its destructive effects on various socio-economic sectors of Khorasan-Razavi province, this study is aimed at investigating the spatial-temporal changes of drought risk in the province and assessing the vulnerability to it. For this purpose, from the set of meteorological data during the 70-year period (1950-2020) and drought indices such as Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Rainfall Index (RAI) and Z-Index (ZSI) in order to evaluate the drought situation of the region in four-time scales. 3, 6, 12 and 24 months were used. Then, drought risk and vulnerability were evaluated using four drought risk indices (DHI), drought exposure index (DEI), drought vulnerability index (DVI) and combined drought risk index (DRI). According to the results of the DHI index, severe and very severe droughts correspond to the eastern, central and southern parts, which can be due to the increase in water consumption due to population development, agricultural and industrial development, as well as climate change. According to the results of DVI and DRI indicators, the regions correspond to severe and very severe droughts in the southern, western and central parts. The DEI index showed that in the central, eastern and southern parts of the province, the agricultural sector is the first sector to be affected by the destructive effects of drought due to excessive dependence on soil moisture reserves. Drought risk maps indicate the possibility of the region facing very dry conditions and affecting the water resources of the region in the short and medium term. Extended Abstract Introduction Drought is a natural disaster that occurs slowly and can continue for a long time and involve large parts of the land. This phenomenon can occur in all climatic regions, and only its characteristics are different from one region to another. Compared to other natural disasters, this natural disaster is very important in terms of intensity and frequency, spatial extent, and the amount of damage it causes. The purpose of the present research is 1- to determine and analyze the intensity and duration of dry and wet periods using standard precipitation indices (SPI), rainfall index (RAI), and index (ZSI), 2- analysis of the risk of drought and damage, adaptability using four indexes such as (DHI), (DEI), (DVI), and (DRI). Methodology In the present study, after reviewing the statistics and information of 226 rain gauge and synoptic stations received from the National Meteorological Organization, the rainfall statistics of 176 stations were used during the common statistical period of 70 years (1950-2020). After determining the common statistical period, the meteorological data were analyzed using SPSS software, and the statistical defects were reconstructed using the difference and ratios method. Then, SPI, RAI, and ZSI indices were exerted to determine the drought status of the province using DIP software, and a map of areas affected by drought was prepared using interpolation in ArcGIS software. To quantify and prepare the drought risk index, weight is given to each class of drought in such a way that the class of normal drought is given a weight of one, and a very severe drought, which creates the most significant risk when it occurs, is given a weight of four. Then, the severity map of the drought classes is classified into four classes based on the percentage probability of drought using the natural breakdown method. Results and discussion The comparison of SPI index values in 3, 6, 12, and 24 months shows that a significant change in rainfall occurred in 56% of the study period. The values of the RAI index in 3 and 6 months show that in all stations, the number of normal periods is more than wet and dry periods, and the number of dry events is more than wet events. The values of the ZSI index in 3 and 6-month periods show that the severity and frequency of drought in the northern and eastern regions is more than in the western regions of the province. According to the DHI drought risk map, the probability of a severe 3-month drought is less in the southwestern regions (Khalilabad, Ferdous, and Gonabad basins), as well as parts of the center (Torbet Heydarieh and Kashmar basins) and the east of the province (Torbat Jam and Taybad basins) are exposed to severe drought. DEI's drought risk assessment shows that a 12-month severe drought generally includes the eastern regions (Torbat Jam and Taibad basins) and the southeast (Khaf and Rashtkhar basins) and has the highest probability of drought and the northwestern regions (basin Quchan and Chenaran), northeast (Kalat and Sarkhs basins) to parts of the center (Mashhad and Freeman basins) have the lowest probability of 12-month severe drought. Also, the scattered parts from the northwest to the southeast have the highest probability and the parts from the west and east to the northeast have the lowest probability of an average drought of 12 months. The spatial distribution of the index (DVI) in a 3-month time step shows that parts of the province from the north to the northeast have the highest and the west and southwest parts have the lowest 3-month drought risk index. The spatial distribution of the drought risk index in a 12-month time step shows that there is the highest risk from west to east, and the northeastern parts of the region have the lowest risk of a 12-month drought. The index (DRI) evaluation indicates that the highest percentage of severe drought occurs in the southern and eastern parts of the province, and the lowest percentage of severe drought occurs in the western part. In general, the areas prone to severe drought are mainly concentrated in the central part of the province, and the western and northeastern areas are prone to severe drought. Conclusion The results of using drought indices show that these three indices do not differ much from each other in determining drought periods. However, the ZSI index has a significant difference in trend with them, which is probably due to considering the median of the data instead of their average, which the results of Karimi et al.'s study (2010) regarding the low correlation of this index with other drought indices are consistent. Risk assessment with the DHI drought risk index showed that very severe drought (38%) is reserved for the east, center, and south of the province, and the rest of the basins of the province have experienced less than 21% of severe drought periods. The DEI drought risk index shows that the drought in the south, northeast, southeast, and southwest parts is more than 18%, and the northern regions of the province have experienced more than 60% of the entire average drought period. According to the DVI index, very severe droughts are observed in the center and south of the province. Then there is the east, southeast, center, and northeast, where the maximum number of severe droughts in the entire period is 36 percent. Therefore, according to the spatial zoning of the intervals, it can be concluded that the east, northeast, south, southeast, and center of the province had the most severe and moderate droughts. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper با توجه به تداوم خشک‌سالی و اثرات مخرب آن بر بخش‌های مختلف اقتصادی-اجتماعی استان خراسان رضوی این مطالعه به‌منظور بررسی تغییرات مکانی-زمانی خطر خشک‌سالی در استان و ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری در برابر آن هدف‌گذاری شده است. بدین منظور از مجموعه داده‌های هواشناسی طی دوره 70 ساله (2020-1950) و شاخص‌های خشک‌سالی همچون شاخص بارش استاندارد (SPI)، شاخص بارندگی (RAI) و شاخص z (ZSI) به‌منظور ارزیابی وضعیت خشک‌سالی منطقه در چهار مقیاس زمانی 3، 6، 12 و 24 ماهه استفاده گردید. سپس خطر خشک‌سالی و آسیب‌پذیری با استفاده از چهار شاخص مخاطره خشک‌سالی (DHI)، شاخص مواجهه با خشک‌سالی (DEI ، شاخص آسیب‌پذیری خشک‌سالی (DVI) و شاخص خطر خشک‌سالی ترکیبی (DRI) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج شاخص DHI خشک‌سالی‌های شدید و خیلی شدید منطبق بر قسمت‌های شرق، مرکز و جنوب می‌باشد که می‌تواند به دلیل افزایش مصرف آب ناشی از توسعه جمعیت، توسعه کشاورزی و صنایع و همچنین تغییرات آب و هوایی باشد. بر اساس نتایج شاخص‌های DVI و DRI مناطق منطبق بر خشک‌سالی‌های شدید و خیلی شدید در قسمت‌های جنوبی، غربی و مرکزی است. شاخص DEI نشان داد که در قسمت‌های مرکزی، شرقی و جنوبی استان بخش کشاورزی به دلیل وابستگی بیش‌ازحد به ذخیره رطوبتی خاک، نخستین بخشی است که تحت تأثیر اثرات مخرب خشک‌سالی قرار می‌گیرد. نقشه‌های خطر خشک‌سالی نشان‌دهنده احتمال مواجهه منطقه با شرایط بسیار خشک بوده و منابع آب منطقه را در کوتاه‌مدت و میان‌مدت تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_180932_4debac5dcf36b3fcec70beef60fc2d7b.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 07 Evaluating the components of residential quality in the Worn-out Texture of Jahrom city ارزیابی مؤلفه‌های کیفیت سکونتی در بافت فرسوده شهر جهرم 151 165 180933 10.30488/gps.2023.361459.3578 FA مهشید محمد ابراهیمی گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران امیر حسینیان راد گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران 0000-0003-0149-0788 Journal Article 2022 03 28 The quality of the residential environment is one of the common topics in environmental issues, which focuses on the relationship between people and their residential environment at different levels (home, neighborhood, and city). Therefore, this article evaluates the components of residential quality in the worn-out context of Jahrom city. The current research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose and method, respectively. Data has been collected using library studies, field surveys, and questionnaire tools. The sample size for filling out the questionnaire was determined by Cochran's formula and was determined to be 321 people. The research findings were analyzed using AMOS and SPSS software structural equation modeling. Based on the experiment and data analysis results, the living situation in Jahrom city is not desirable. Also, it was found that the index of access to services and facilities has the greatest effect on the residential quality of the worn-out texture of Jahrom city. In this context, the role and effect of access to medical, shopping, recreational, sports, religious, educational, etc. centers were greater than other indicators of access, whose factor loading is equal to 0.75. Therefore, the state of residential quality in the worn-out texture of Jahrom city has been at an inappropriate level, and the residential quality indicators have a tremendous role in this field with the improvement of these indicators, such as the level of accessibility, reducing social damage and increasing social security, among other things. Actions can be taken to optimize the residential quality in the worn-out texture of Jahrom city. Extended Abstract Introduction Cities are home to more than half of the world's people. Increasing urbanization will make 60% of people live in cities by 2050. Environmental quality and sustainability seeks to maintain, strengthen and protect our environmental resources, which directly aim to provide a friendly quality of life and sustainable development for future generations. In recent decades, the quality of life in cities has increasingly attracted the attention of politicians, managers and city residents. By using the principles of sustainable housing, in the process of urban planning and benefiting from residential capacities, it can be used to improve the quality of the environment. The quality of the residential environment is one of the common topics in the field of environmental psychology, which focuses on the relationship between people and their residential environment at different levels (home, neighborhood, and city). In general, the quality of the environment can be seen as reflecting the differences and gaps between a person's hopes and expectations with his current experiences, which indicates satisfaction with the living environment. Also, satisfaction with the quality of the residential environment is one of the most important indicators for raising the level of quality of life and public welfare, and it is considered a criterion for evaluating the housing situation of residents, needs, preferences, quality of life, and the level of success or failure of residential projects. The rapid growth of cities in the last few decades has led to the formation of inappropriate tissues and cars. In addition, the old tissues in the cities have been worn out and these places have suffered a severe decline in terms of quality of life. Unfortunately, the dilapidated fabric of Jahorm city is facing many problems, which itself has become the cause of problems such as immigration, decline, social isolation, environmental issues, and functional exhaustion. Therefore, this article has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the components of residential quality in the dilapidated fabric of Jahrom city, so that by knowing the current situation, it is possible to plan and achieve the desired situation. Methodology The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection has been done with the methods of library studies and field surveys and questionnaire tools. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula and was determined by the number of 321 people. The sampling method in this research is a simple random sampling method. To determine the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of professors and academic staff members of the university were used, and the reliability of the questionnaire was checked using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Finally, the research findings were obtained using structural equation modeling in Amos and SPS software environment. S was analyzed. Results and discussion The statistical description of the characteristics of the sample in terms of gender showed that 184 (57/32%) were men and 137 (48/68%) were women. Also, 64/33% of the participants with bachelor's education were obtained with the highest frequency. Examining the descriptive average of research indicators and dimensions showed that the average of the research indicators is in the numerical range of 2.27 to 3.34. In this regard, the average index of solidarity and social participation equal to 3.34 has the highest average and the average of the residential quality dimension in general is equal to 2.71 with a standard deviation of 0.45. One-sample T-test was used to evaluate the residential quality situation in the worn-out context of Jahrom city. The obtained results indicate that the residential situation in Jahrom city is in a bad condition. Investigating the quality of housing in general, it can be concluded that the quality of housing in the worn-out fabric of Jahrom city is in a poor condition. ) The results obtained from the structural model and leveling show the impact of the research indicators on the residential quality of worn-out fabric in Jahrom city. In this regard, factor loadings or standardized regression coefficients are less than 0.3 and significant at the level of weak effect, higher than 0.3 at the level of acceptable effect, higher than 0.4 at the level of moderate effect and more than 0.5 at the level of The effect is strong and higher than 0.7 is in the level of very strong effect. According to these interpretations and the obtained results, it can be said that the index of access to services and facilities with a factor load of 0.777 or 0.78 has very strong impact levels and indicators of social damage and social security, vitality and individual-social hope., having a sense of belonging and solidarity and social participation has a strong level of influence on the residential quality of worn-out fabric in the studied sample. In this context, the environmental dimension had a weaker effect level than the research indicators. Conclusion Investigating the status of residential quality indicators in Jahorm city also showed that the status of indicators of social damage and social security and solidarity and social participation are above normal levels and for indicators of access to services and facilities, vitality and individual-social hope, sense of belonging, physical and environmental in the studied sample is in a poor condition. The results of the present research are in line with the original researches of Allah Yaari Arde et al. (2016), Maleki et al. In general, it can be concluded that the quality of living in Jahrom city is in a bad condition. The research results show that more and more accessible service centers have a great role and effect in improving the quality of living in dilapidated areas, especially the dilapidated area of Jahrom city. Among other important factors in this field, we can mention the status of access to other parts of the city, the status of stations and public transportation. Therefore, the residential quality situation in the dilapidated fabric of Jahrom city is at an inappropriate level, and the residential quality indicators have a tremendous role in this field. He took action to improve the quality of living in the worn-out fabric of Jahrom city. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. کیفیت محیط سکونتی یکی از موضوعات متداول در زمینه مباحث محیطی است که بر روابط بین افراد و محیط سکونتی‌شان در سطوح مختلف (مسکن و محله و شهر) متمرکز است. بنابراین در این مقاله، مؤلفه‌های کیفیت سکونتی در بافت فرسوده شهر جهرم ارزیابی‌شده است. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی و به لحاظ روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. گردآوری اطلاعات با روش‌های مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و پیمایش میدانی و ابزار پرسشنامه انجام‌گرفته است. حجم نمونه برای پر کردن پرسشنامه توسط فرمول کوکران تعیین و به تعداد 321 نفر تعیین‌شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش با استفاده از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری در محیط نرم‌افزار آموس و اس‌پی‌اس‌اس مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها، وضعیت سکونتی در بافت فرسوده شهر جهرم در وضعیت نامناسب قرار دارد. همچنین، بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده مشخص گردید شاخص دسترسی به خدمات و امکانات بیشترین تأثیر در کیفیت سکونتی بافت فرسوده شهر جهرم دارد. در این زمینه، نقش و اثر دسترسی به مراکز درمانی، خرید، تفریحی، ورزشی، مذهبی، آموزشی و غیره از سایر شاخص‌های دسترسی بیشتر بود که میزان بار عاملی آن برابر 75/0 است. بنابراین وضعیت کیفی سکونتی در بافت فرسوده شهر جهرم در سطحی نامناسب قرار داشته و شاخص‌های کیفیت سکونتی در این زمینه دارای نقش شگرفی هستند که با بهبود وضعیت این شاخص‌ها نظیر سطح دسترسی‌ها، کاهش آسیب‌های اجتماعی و افزایش امنیت اجتماعی و سایر موارد در جهت بهینه‌تر شدن کیفیت سکونتی در بافت فرسوده شهر جهرم اقدام کرد.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_180933_792e863023d320156ef8cc8b6a695fa3.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 13 2 2023 08 07 Assessment of physical-social resilience against earthquakes The Case study of Esfrain city ارزیابی تاب‌آوری کالبدی - اجتماعی در برابر وقوع زلزله مطالعه موردی: شهر اسفراین 167 86 176791 10.30488/gps.2023.387335.3624 FA محمدرضا رضایی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران 0000-0002-6721-3014 منصوره یاراحمدی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران 0000-0002-9413-9470 Journal Article 2023 03 28 There are fundamental and dramatic changes in the attitude towards natural hazards in the world today so that the prevailing view has changed from focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience. The purpose of this study is to assess and evaluate the physical and social resilience of the neighborhoods of Esfarayen against natural disasters (earthquakes). Research results are applied in terms of descriptive-analytical purpose and application. Library resources, questionnaires, and data from the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016 have been used to collect information in this research. Also, the Mabak ranking method and ARCMAP and EXCEL software have been used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that based on physical-social resilience indices, all 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 neighborhoods that form the northwestern neighborhoods of the city have the highest resilience, and neighborhoods 18, 19, 20 and 6 in the eastern and central regions are less resilient than other neighborhoods. The results showed that Esfarayen urban neighborhoods are not in the same situation regarding indicators affecting physical-social resilience. The neighborhoods of this city are in a different situation in terms of each of these indicators. In terms of physical-social resilience, mainly the eastern areas of the city have the lowest resilience rate because they have an old residential texture and a much higher population density, which indicates spatial inequality in the city. Extended Abstract Introduction Today, in the world, fundamental and significant changes can be seen in the attitude towards natural hazards. What is presented today as an inclusive and planned concept for the resilience of cities and urban structures against human and natural threats is the category of resilience. In general, resilience is defined as the ability of a system, a society, to deal with, absorb, adapt, protect, and return important functions and basic structures of society when faced with risks. As the dominant view has changed from focusing only on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience against disasters, this paradigm uses resilience to increase the capacity of ecological systems with a multidisciplinary approach and planning. So, in order to prevent the increase of vulnerabilities, it is necessary to know the level of resilience of the local community and to know to what extent the capacity of the community to stand and recover from risks when a crisis occurs. The passage of the Esfarayen fault from the northeastern edge of Esfarayen, as well as evidence such as frequent earthquakes, slope movements, river deviations and shifting of geological structures in the past years, indicate that the region is considered one of the high-risk areas during earthquakes. Therefore, it is necessary to examine urban resilience against earthquakes to reduce vulnerability and increase the capacity of neighborhoods to resist and reduce risks against earthquakes. Moreover, it helps a city like Esfarayen to create capacities that can withstand and return to normal conditions while having resilience. Also, the lack of sufficient study and background in investigating the resilience of the city of Esfarayen indicates the need to investigate the issue of resilience in this city. Thus, in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the physical-social resilience of the urban areas of Esfarayen against an earthquake. This research aims to measure and evaluate the physical-social resilience of the neighborhoods of Esfarayen against natural disasters (earthquakes). Methodology In this research, urban resilience was investigated in two physical-social dimensions. In order to investigate physical resilience, first, by examining the library resources and the research background of experts in geography and urban planning, the most important indicators affecting urban physical resilience in Esfarayen have been identified. And then, it was evaluated and approved based on experts' opinions in geography and urban planning. These indicators, which include the granularity of parts, building strength, population density, residential density, permeability index, educational density, and distance to medical centers, after calculated using ArcMap software and drawing a map according to urban areas, based on the opinion of experts, were prioritized. This prioritization was done using the ANP chain analysis process. Also, in order to investigate social resilience, the most important indicators affecting social resilience in the city of Esfarayen have been identified by examining library resources and the research background of experts in the field of geography and urban planning. And then, it was evaluated and approved based on experts' opinions in geography and urban planning. These indicators, which include the dimensions of citizens' awareness, knowledge, skills, attitudes, collective action and social participation, trust and solidarity, and education and learning, were investigated using a questionnaire tool in each of the localities. After calculating and checking the dimensions and components of resilience according to localities, the social resilience of each locality was investigated using the ANP network chain analysis process (for weighting indicators) and the Mabak method (ranking according to localities). In the last stage, the average physical-social dimensions were used to calculate the resilience of the whole city of Esfarayen, which includes physical-social resilience. Results and discussion Based on the results obtained in the physical resilience section, among the investigated indicators in Esfarayen, the most important indicators affecting physical resilience include building resistance indicators, residential density, population density, and segmentation, which have the highest impact factor. These are among the basic and effective indicators requiring serious attention during an earthquake in Esfarayen. Also, based on Mabak's analysis, the north, northeast, and northwest areas of the city, which include neighborhoods 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, and 9, are among the newer neighborhoods in the peripheral texture of c Esfarayen, and in terms of these physical indicators, are in a better condition. The level of building resistance in these neighborhoods is in good condition, and in terms of residential density, permeability, granularity and population density indicators, they are in good condition. Also, the results showed that the eastern neighborhoods of the city, including neighborhoods 17, 18 and 19, are in a sensitive and dangerous situation regarding physical resilience. Based on the results obtained in the social resilience section, among the investigated indicators in Esfarayen, the most important indicators affecting social resilience include education and learning, solidarity, trust and knowledge, with the highest impact coefficient. Also, the study of social resilience showed that the most resilient urban neighborhoods of Esfarayen include neighborhoods 15, 8, 1, 5, and 9, and the least resilient neighborhoods include neighborhoods 18, 19, and 1. Finally, all the neighborhoods were calculated based on the average resilience in physical-social dimensions, and the results showed that neighborhoods 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12 have the highest level of resilience, and the eastern neighborhoods of Esfarayen, including neighborhoods 18, 19 and 20 have the lowest degree of resilience. Conclusion In general conclusion, it can be stated that the urban neighborhoods of Esfarayen are not the same regarding physical-social resilience. Moreover, the city's eastern areas are in the low resilience category due to their physical characteristics, old building context and social characteristics, which require special attention to this area in urban planning to increase earthquake resistance. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. امروزه در جهان تغییرات اساسی و چشمگیری در نگرش به مخاطرات طبیعی دیده می‌شود، به‌طوری‌که دیدگاه غالب از تمرکز صرف بر کاهش آسیب‌پذیری به افزایش تاب‌آوری در مقابل سوانح تغییر پیداکرده است، این پارادایم با رویکرد چند رشته‌ای و برنامه‌ریزی، تاب‌آوری را جهت افزایش ظرفیت سیستم‌های اکولوژیکی به کار می‌برد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، سنجش و ارزیابی وضعیت تاب‌آوری کالبدی - اجتماعی محلات شهر اسفراین در برابر سوانح طبیعی (زلزله) است. از لحاظ هدف توصیفی تحلیلی و از لحاظ کاربست نتایج پژوهشی کاربردی است. برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از منابع کتابخانه‌ای، پرسش‌نامه و داده‌های مرکز آمار ایران در سال 1395 بهره گرفته‌شده است. همچنین جهت تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات از روش رتبه‌بندی ما باک و نرم‌افزارهای ARCMAP و EXCEL بهره گرفته‌شده است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان داد بر اساس شاخص‌های تاب‌آوری کالبدی - اجتماعی کل، محلات 7، 8، 9، 10، 11، و 12 که محلات شمال غربی شهر را تشکیل می‌دهند دارای بیشترین میزان تاب‌آوری بوده و محلات 18، 19، 20 و 6 در نواحی شرقی و مرکزی دارای تاب‌آوری کمتری هستند. به‌طورکلی محلات شهری اسفراین از لحاظ شاخص‌های تاب‌آوری کالبدی - اجتماعی در وضعیت یکسانی قرار نداشته و شاهد نابرابری فضایی در این شهر هستیم. بر طبق نتایج نواحی شرق شهر دارای کمترین میزان تاب‌آوری هستند چراکه دارای بافت قدیمی مسکونی و تراکم جمعیتی بسیار بالاتری هستند که نیازمند توجه ویژه برای برون‌رفت از وضعیت موجود هستند.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_176791_d5eb5e9da5081928700147864889f108.pdf