دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 22 Assessment of Urban Water Management Performance Based on the Principles of Good Governance: A case study of Robat Karim County ارزیابی عملکرد مدیریت آب شهری بر اساس اصول حکمروایی شایسته مطالعه موردی: شهرستان رباط‌کریم 1 20 239674 10.30488/gps.2025.528448.3849 FA محمد رضا عروجی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران 0009-0000-2320-619X سید علی علوی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-0654-9489 ابوالفضل مشکینی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-3071-275X حسن لشکری گروه اقلیم‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-6007-7275 Journal Article 2025 07 05 A B S T R A C T Urban water resource management has emerged as a pressing concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries where rapid urbanization and demographic growth frequently exceed the pace of infrastructure development. These challenges are especially acute in cities where distinctive geographical and environmental conditions exacerbate water scarcity and related crises. Robat Karim County in Iran exemplifies this situation, as rapid urban expansion, rising population density, and environmental degradation have collectively placed significant stress on local water resources. This study evaluates urban water management performance in Robat Karim County through the analytical lens of good governance principles. Adopting an applied descriptive–analytical methodology, the research employed questionnaires for data collection and analyzed the findings using non-parametric statistical techniques in JASP software. The evaluation concentrated on three core dimensions of urban water management: supply, distribution, and demand. Findings reveal that, across all dimensions of good governance—transparency, accountability, effectiveness, and efficiency—the current performance in Robat Karim falls well below desirable standards. A comparative analysis of the three cities—Robat Karim, Nasirshahr, and Parand—showed that Robat Karim performed better than the others on most governance indicators. In conclusion, the study underscores that enhancing water management performance in Robat Karim County necessitates structural reforms in transparency—particularly in resource allocation and consumption—together with stronger public participation and greater institutional accountability. The study further suggests that achieving sustainable solutions to water challenges requires developing a comprehensive urban water management model grounded in the ecological and socio-economic characteristics of each region, not only for Robat Karim County but also for other comparable areas in Iran. Extended Abstract Introduction Water is a fundamental but finite resource, indispensable for achieving sustainable urban development. Urban areas worldwide are increasingly confronted with complex water management challenges, driven by rapid urbanization, climate variability, and mounting socio-economic pressures. In many developing countries, these pressures are further exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure, inequitable water distribution, and weak governance, making water management a pressing policy priority. The concept of good urban water governance—emphasizing participation, transparency, accountability, and effectiveness—has gained prominence as a normative framework for promoting equitable and sustainable management of urban water resources. Iran, characterized by predominantly arid and semi-arid climates, faces acute water scarcity, deteriorating infrastructure, and ineffective policy frameworks. Robat Karim County, situated in Tehran Province, epitomizes these challenges, marked by rapid population growth, declining groundwater reserves, and fragile water supply and distribution systems. This study seeks to evaluate the existing urban water management system in Robat Karim County against internationally recognized principles of good governance and to propose a more resilient and participatory governance framework. Methodology This study adopts an applied mixed-methods, descriptive–analytical approach. The theoretical framework is grounded in an extensive review of literature on urban water management and governance theories. The empirical component employed a survey targeting residents of Robat Karim, Parand, and Nasirshahr. A structured questionnaire comprising 108 items across eight governance dimensions—participation, accountability, transparency, rule of law, responsiveness, equity, efficiency, and consensus-oriented decision-making—was administered to a stratified random sample of 385 respondents. Data analysis was conducted using JASP software (v0.19.3.0). Descriptive statistics and non-parametric inferential tests—including the Wilcoxon test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Dunn’s test with Bonferroni correction—were employed to account for the non-normal distribution of data. The validity of the instrument was established through expert review, while its reliability was confirmed by a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.939, indicating a high level of internal consistency. Results and discussion The overall governance score for urban water management in Robat Karim County was 2.354, falling below the neutral benchmark of 3 on the Likert scale, which signals widespread dissatisfaction with prevailing governance practices. Across the eight governance dimensions, consensus-oriented decision-making (2.490) and rule of law (2.463) received comparatively higher ratings, suggesting that these aspects were perceived as relatively stronger. By contrast, accountability (2.201) and efficiency (2.245) obtained the lowest scores, highlighting substantial weaknesses in these dimensions. Further analysis revealed considerable variation in citizens’ perceptions. High standard deviations for indicators such as responsibility in supply (0.713) and transparency in demand (0.848) reflected inconsistent experiences among residents, underscoring the need for complementary qualitative research to better understand the factors driving these discrepancies. The Wilcoxon test confirmed that the median scores for all governance indicators were significantly lower than the theoretical median of 3.00, reinforcing evidence of widespread dissatisfaction with the existing governance model. Key deficiencies were identified in transparency in supply (2.188), accountability in demand (2.197), and effectiveness in supply (2.154), reflecting structural problems such as opaque decision-making, weak communication channels, and inadequate feedback mechanisms. The Kruskal–Wallis test revealed significant differences among the three cities—Robat Karim, Parand, and Nasirshahr (p < 0.05)—with Robat Karim consistently outperforming the others, except in accountability for demand. Dunn’s post-hoc test confirmed that Robat Karim scored higher on most dimensions, whereas Nasirshahr consistently recorded the lowest ratings, underscoring critical governance deficiencies. Parand was situated between Robat Karim and Nasirshahr, displaying intermediate performance but with notable differences across governance practices. Conclusion The urban water management system in Robat Karim County falls markedly short of the principles of good governance, especially in accountability, efficiency, and transparency. These deficiencies erode public trust and constitute substantial barriers to achieving long-term water sustainability. Addressing these shortcomings requires a series of structural and policy reforms. First, transparency should be strengthened by ensuring public access to real-time data on water supply, distribution, and quality, thereby enabling citizens to remain informed and actively engaged. Accountability can be enhanced through performance audits and complaint-resolution mechanisms designed to hold water management institutions responsible for their actions. Citizen participation should be institutionalized through participatory forums and public consultations, ensuring that local communities are meaningfully involved in decision-making processes. In addition, modernizing infrastructure is vital to reducing network leakage and integrating smart monitoring technologies. Decentralizing policy authority is also essential to empower local councils and stakeholders, thereby fostering more responsive and accountable governance. Strengthening institutional coordination among water utilities, municipal bodies, and environmental agencies is crucial for advancing an integrated approach to water management. Ensuring equitable access to water, particularly in underserved areas, is vital for reducing disparities in availability and distribution. Implementing monitoring and evaluation systems, including clear performance indicators, will strengthen the capacity to track governance outcomes. Capacity-building initiatives for public officials and community representatives are essential to improving the effectiveness of water management institutions. Finally, fostering research and development in areas such as demand management and supply optimization will be critical to addressing future water challenges. This study proposes a scalable and adaptable governance assessment model, offering a comprehensive framework for evaluating urban water governance in comparable regions. By integrating citizen perceptions with institutional performance evaluations, this research addresses a critical gap in the literature and provides valuable insights for advancing urban water governance. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. مدیریت منابع آب شهری در بسیاری از مناطق جهان به‌ویژه در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه، با چالش‌های قابل‌توجهی روبه‌رو است. این چالش‌ها به‌ویژه در شهرهایی با ویژگی‌های جغرافیایی خاص که با بحران‌های آبی مواجه‌اند، ملموس‌تر است. شهرستان رباط‌کریم به دلیل افزایش جمعیت، توسعه سریع شهری و مشکلات محیط زیستی با چالش‌های اساسی در زمینة مدیریت منابع آب مواجه است. هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی عملکرد مدیریت آب شهری در این شهرستان بر اساس اصول حکمروایی شایسته است. پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام‌شده است و داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه گردآوری و با استفاده از روش‌های آماری ناپارامتریک در نرم‌افزار آماری جسپ (JASP) تحلیل شدند. در ابتدا، ارزیابی انطباق وضعیت موجود مدیریت آب شهری در سه مؤلفه تأمین، توزیع و تقاضا نشان داد که در تمامی ابعاد حکمروایی شایسته، از جمله شفافیت، پاسخگویی، اثربخشی و کارایی، وضعیت موجود در شهرستان رباط‌کریم به‌طور معناداری پایین‌تر از حد مطلوب قرار دارد. مقایسه میان سه شهر رباط‌کریم، نصیرشهر و پرند نیز نشان داد که در بیشتر شاخص‌ها، شهر رباط‌کریم عملکرد بهتری دارد. در نهایت، نتایج تأکید می‌کنند که بهبود عملکرد مدیریت آب در شهرستان رباط‌کریم مستلزم اصلاحات ساختاری در زمینه‌های شفافیت (به‌ویژه در فرآیندهای تخصیص و مصرف منابع)، مشارکت عمومی، و پاسخگویی نهادهای مسئول است. این پژوهش پیشنهاد می‌کند که برای حل پایدار چالش‌های آبی، تدوین یک مدل جامع مدیریت آب شهری مبتنی بر ویژگی‌های بوم‌شناختی و اجتماعی-اقتصادی مناطق، نه‌تنها برای این شهرستان، بلکه برای سایر مناطق مشابه در ایران، یک ضرورت اساسی است.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_239674_dcfe5371a6eb9f0f386b590289883d81.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 22 Foresight and Development Scenarios Based on Ecosystem Services in Mangrove Forests of ‌Iran آینده‌نگاری و تدوین سناریوهای توسعه مبتنی بر خدمات اکوسیستمی ‌ در جنگل‌های مانگرو ایران 21 43 239655 10.30488/gps.2025.532119.3852 FA پروانه سبحانی گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران 0000-0001-9878-3768 افشین دانه کار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران 0000-0003-0641-9286 Journal Article 2025 07 05 A B S T R A C T To support effective planning and management of Iran’s mangrove forests, this study explores a range of conceivable and probable futures while identifying the key driving forces, macro-trends, and uncertainties shaping these ecosystems. The most influential drivers and macro-trends were identified through a review of prior research and theoretical frameworks, resulting in a structured list comprising five criteria, twelve sub-criteria, and fifty-five indicators. The study sample consisted of fifteen experts and specialists with relevant professional expertise. Data were analyzed using structural analysis and scenario-building techniques implemented through the MicMac and Scenario Wizard software packages. The results show that, among the criteria, the ecological dimension had the highest importance coefficient; among the sub-criteria, employment ranked highest; and among the indicators, the strongest influence was attributed to the “high dependence of livelihoods on forest resources.” Scenario outcomes for Iran’s mangrove forests suggest that 62% represent a desirable or ideal environmental state, 28% an intermediate and static condition, and 10% a critical or degraded state. Within the broader “futures cone,” the macro-scenarios correspond to three categories: “preferred futures” (first group), “likely futures” (second group), and “unreasonable futures” (third group), each with probabilities inferred from the analysis. The analyses highlight that improving ecosystem services in Iran’s mangrove forests depends on the commitment of planners and policymakers to conserve and enhance these natural habitats, safeguard their biological value, and strengthen the productivity of ecosystem services. Extended Abstract Introduction Because of their distinctive biological characteristics, mangrove forests have long been ‌recognized as highly sensitive ecosystems. Situated in dynamic coastal environments, they have ‌evolved remarkable adaptive strategies to withstand extreme ecological conditions. These ‌unique adaptations have attracted sustained attention from international conservation ‌organizations, which consistently classify mangroves as priority protected habitats.‌ Effective planning and management of Iran’s mangrove forests require a precise understanding ‌of the ecosystem services they generate and the spatial scales at which these services are ‌produced, so that supply can be balanced with the demands of society. Against this backdrop, ‌the present study examines the multiple plausible futures of Iran’s mangrove ecosystems by ‌identifying the critical driving forces, macro-trends, and uncertainties that shape their trajectory.‌ Methodology This research is applied in purpose and adopts an analytical–exploratory approach in both ‌nature and method. To identify the key driving forces, macro-trends, and uncertainties, a ‌comprehensive list was developed from prior research and theoretical studies, encompassing ‌five criteria, twelve sub-criteria, and fifty-five indicators. The study sample comprised fifteen ‌respondents, all of whom were experts and specialists with relevant professional expertise. Data ‌were analyzed using structural analysis and scenario-building techniques, implemented through ‌the MicMac and Scenario Wizard software packages. Results and discussion The results indicate that, among the criteria, the ecological dimension had the highest ‌importance coefficient; among the sub-criteria, employment ranked highest; and among the ‌indicators, the strongest influence was attributed to the “high dependence of livelihoods on ‌forest resources.” Scenario outcomes for Iran’s mangrove forests suggest that 62% represent a ‌desirable or ideal environmental state, 28% an intermediate and static condition, and 10% a ‌critical or degraded state.‌ Within the broader “futures cone,” the macro-scenarios fall into three categories: “preferred ‌futures” (first group), “likely futures” (second group), and “unreasonable futures” (third group), ‌with the probability of each inferred from the analysis. The findings further underscore that ‌improving ecosystem services in Iran’s mangrove forests depends on the commitment of ‌planners and policymakers to conserve and enhance these habitats, safeguard their biological ‌value, and strengthen the overall productivity of ecosystem services. Conclusion The findings suggest that identifying and analyzing the driving forces, macro-trends, and ‌uncertainties in Iran’s mangrove forests can provide valuable insights for implementing ‌effective management strategies in mangrove ecosystems elsewhere. Moreover, the results of ‌this analysis can inform management approaches that support effective protection and planning ‌in response to expanding human activities, associated uncertainties, and their environmental ‌consequences in these sensitive habitats. Since these forests constitute a network of biologically ‌sensitive areas and valuable resources, it is essential to develop policies and tools that mitigate ‌the impacts of overexploitation and uncontrolled human development. Furthermore, ‌conservation planning should prioritize not only preventing habitat degradation but also ‌managing Iran’s mangrove ecosystems to ensure their protection, restoration, and long-term ‌resilience.‌ Funding There is funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. با هدف برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت صحیح در جنگل‌های مانگرو کشور به تبییـن آینده‌های گوناگون متصـور و محتمل، شناسایی نیروهای پیشران، کلان‌روندها و عدم قطعیت‌ها در این رویشگاه‌های طبیعی پرداخته شد. به‌منظور شناسایی عمده‌ترین نیروهای پیشران و کلان‌روندها فهرستی بر اساس پیشینه تحقیق و مطالعات نظری شامل 5 معیار، 12 زیر معیار و 55 شاخص تهیه گردید. جامعه آماری پرسش‌شوندگان 15 نفر بوده، که از بین کارشناسان و خبرگان با تخصص‌های مرتبط انتخاب شدند. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از طریق روش‌های تحلیل ساختاری و سناریو نگاری در نرم‌افزارهای MicMac و Scenario Wizard صورت گرفت. مطابق نتایج، در بین معیارها بیشترین ضریب اهمیت مربوط به معیار "اکولوژیک"، در بین زیرمعیارها مربوط به " اشتغال" و در بین شاخص‌ها به "وابستگی زیاد معیشت به جنگل" اختصاص‌یافته است. نتایج سناریوهای گروه‌های اول تا سوم به ترتیب بیان‌کننده وضعیت مطلوب و ایده‌آل محیط‌زیست (62 درصد)، وضعیت بینابین و ایستا (28 درصد) و وضعیت بحرانی محیط‌زیست (10 درصد) است. علاوه بر این، نتایج سناریوهای کلان ‌آینده‌ در مخروط آینده شامل "آینده‌های مرجح" (سناریوی گروه اول)، "آینده‌های محتمل" (سناریوی گروه دوم) و "آینده‌های نامعقول" (سناریوهای گروه سوم) است که احتمال وقوع هر یک با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده قابل پیش‌بینی است. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، بهبود وضعیت خدمات اکوسیستمی در جنگل‌های مانگرو ایران مستلزم عملکرد برنامه‌ریزان و مسئولان در حفظ و حمایت از رویشگاه‌های طبیعی در این محدوده است، به‌گونه‌ای که در راستای حفظ منابع با ارزش زیستی آن تلاش نمایند و وضعیت بهره‌وری از خدمات اکوسیستمی در این منطقه را بهبود بخشند.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_239655_1af1931ce15ed59f80f8e7ab3d9e62ba.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 22 Land-Use Change and Urban Identity: A Systematic Review of Dimensions and Components مروری سیستماتیک بر ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های تأثیر تغییر کاربری زمین بر هویت شهرها 45 56 239673 10.30488/gps.2025.502610.3822 FA محسن رفیعیان گروه مهندسی شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران 0000-0002-4214-9765 مهسا دهقانیان گروه مهندسی شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 06 A B S T R A C T The identity of cities evolves over time, a process that can contribute to their resilience and vitality. Although numerous studies have examined the dimensions and components of urban identity, no comprehensive synthesis of previous research has yet been undertaken to consolidate their findings. To address this gap, the present study adopts a systematic review approach to analyze existing research on the impacts of land-use change on urban identity, with a particular focus on dimensions and components. The study is based on 64 selected publications, drawing English-language sources from Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, and Persian-language sources from Civilica, the Comprehensive Humanities Portal, Normags, and SID. Findings indicate that 40% of domestic studies were published in 2015 and 2017, while 20% of international studies appeared in 2023. Asia and Europe emerge as the leading regions in advancing this line of research. Furthermore, 10% of English-language studies were published in Environmental Sciences, and 20% of domestic studies appeared in New Attitudes in Human Geography and Spatial Planning. The synthesis of previous research reveals that the natural–artificial and human–environmental dimensions of land use exert the strongest influence on urban identity. Among the components, structural, mass, and point elements are identified as the most significant in shaping the effects of land-use change on cities. Extended Abstract Introduction Originally, the notion of identity was explored within domains such as philosophy, logic, and psychology, but with the scientific advances of recent decades, its scope has broadened to encompass human-made environments as well. The living environment exerts a profound influence on human behavior and identity, shaping individuals’ relationships with their latent values. In this context, the city may be regarded as a spatial manifestation of identity, embodying the values rooted in the beliefs, worldviews, and culture of its inhabitants and creators. As both the foundation of social formation and a showcase for collective ideas, the city plays a pivotal role in shaping national identity. Urban identity emerges from the dynamic interplay between built forms and social activities, evolving over time under the combined influence of environmental and human factors. City centers are more than mere commercial hubs; they serve as arenas for cultural, recreational, leisure, tourism, civic, and social exchange, offering spaces for the circulation of ideas and opinions. To foster attractive and livable environments that facilitate social interaction, urban centers require a coherent and positive identity system. The introduction of specific activities within a neighborhood can generate a distinctive capacity for shaping its identity. Moreover, land uses that are widely recognized by residents can play a decisive role in defining neighborhood identity. However, transformations in the social, cultural, economic, and political contexts of a city can profoundly affect the quality of place identity. Methodology This systematic review employs a qualitative approach designed to examine phenomena and identify categories derived from the existing body of literature in the field. Such an approach is particularly effective when the research literature in the target domain is extensive and well-developed. In these contexts, a systematic procedure enables the progressive identification, categorization, and synthesis of subcategories related to the phenomenon under investigation. Scholars have proposed a variety of frameworks for selecting studies to be included in systematic reviews. In urban planning, systematic reviews have attracted increasing attention because they provide bibliographic information—such as titles, authors, abstracts, and keywords—often presented in graphical formats. Such tools generate new insights for the urban planning community. When keyword data are extracted, they can be used not only for graphical analyses but also to identify clusters of keywords and textual patterns from the reviewed articles and books. These clusters are then analyzed and interpreted in line with the research objectives and questions. A comprehensive search across Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using the keywords “land use planning” and “urban identity,” initially yielded 1,167 articles. Following the selection process, a final set of 64 articles and books was identified as the basis for this systematic review. Results and Discussion This study first analyzes the descriptive characteristics of prior research, including authorship, year of publication, and journal outlets. Subsequently, the dimensions and components of the impacts of land-use change on urban identity are identified. The literature on this phenomenon has expanded rapidly—particularly since 2010 in English-language studies and since 1393 (2014–2015) in Persian-language studies. The highest number of English articles was published in 2023, while domestic publications peaked in 1397 (2018–2019). Geographically, Asia, the Americas, and Europe represent the leading regions of scholarly contribution in this field. Among domestic publications, the majority have appeared in the journal Geographical Space Planning and Environmental Studies (Haft Hesar). The review further indicates that scholars such as Ahmad Pourahmad, Bahar Nowkar, Zeinab Karkehabadi, Mojtaba Rafieian, and Karamatollah Ziyari are among the most prolific contributors to this body of research. A keyword analysis of the studies on land-use change and urban identity reveals the presence of three major thematic clusters. These three clusters structure the intellectual landscape of research in this domain. Conclusion Urban identity is a dynamic concept that continuously evolves over time. Changes in land use often weaken residents’ sense of belonging and may eventually result in the discontinuation or abandonment of certain urban functions. Existing scholarship has largely focused on localized case studies of land-use change, thereby highlighting the absence of comprehensive analyses that address its broader dimensions and constituent components. The scarcity of indigenous theoretical frameworks on identity and land-use change has constrained their application in empirical case studies, where such perspectives could otherwise offer valuable insights. The findings show that scholarly interest in the relationship between land-use change and urban identity intensified in 2023, underscoring both the growing appeal of this topic and the pressing need to strengthen urban identities. In Iran, a notable increase in studies has been evident since 2018, much of it driven by doctoral research, reflecting recognition of a significant gap in the literature and the potential to advance the field. Research is most prominent in Asia, the Americas, and Europe, where transformations in urban identity have prompted extensive investigations into the role of land-use change in shaping and reinforcing city identities. Contrary to expectations, most domestic studies have appeared in Geographical Space Planning and Environmental Studies rather than the Urban Identity journal, with the latter publishing only a single article on the subject. The analysis revealed three major clusters. The first links land-use change to the spiritual dimension of identity, encompassing elements such as collective memory, urban history, significant events, notable figures, place names, religious beliefs, ethical norms, ethnic composition, shared memories, and sacred spaces. The second cluster addresses the natural–artificial dimension of identity, which includes the public landscape, overall urban form, focal points such as squares, gates, and parks, as well as structural and linear elements like bazaars, palaces, landmarks, and natural or built morphological features. The third cluster explores the human–environmental dimension of identity, focusing on customs, beliefs, lifestyles, dialects, and languages. Because many of the reviewed studies examined Islamic cities, the spiritual dimension received greater emphasis and more detailed treatment. The natural and artificial dimensions were also emphasized, as they often provide tangible expressions of shifts in the spiritual dimension through urban events and transformations. As research on land-use change and urban identity expands in developed countries, this line of inquiry is expected to gain increasing scholarly attention globally. This study employs both descriptive and statistical analyses to synthesize existing scholarship on land-use change and urban identity, thereby offering a comprehensive foundation for future investigations. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. هویت شهرها در حال تغییر است، این تغییرات به تقویت شهرها کمک می‌کند. یکی از عواملی که در این تغییرات نقش دارد، تغییرات در کاربری‌های شهری است. تنوع کاربری‌های شهرها سبب ارتقا هویت در شهرها شده که در نتیجه رشد سریع شهری به‌مرور تغییر کرده است. مطالعات بسیاری به بررسی ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های این پدیده پرداخته‌اند، اما تاکنون تحلیلی جامع از تحقیقات پیشین برای استخراج نتایج آن‌ها انجام‌نشده است. به همین دلیل، این مقاله با هدف بررسی مطالعات موجود درباره تأثیر تغییرات کاربری زمین بر هویت شهرها و نتایج آنان در دو حوزه ابعاد و مؤلفه‌ها، به‌صورت یک مرور سیستماتیک انجام‌شده است. روش پژوهش، توصیفی و بر مبنای 64 پژوهش منتخب موجود است که منابع انگلیسی از پایگاه اطلاعاتی Scopus و Scholar Google و Sience Direct و منابع فارسی پایگاه سیویلیکا، پرتال جامع علوم‌انسانی، نورمگز و SID انتخاب‌شده‌اند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد 4۰٪ پژوهش‌های داخلی در سال‌های 1395 و 1397 و 20٪ پژوهش‌های خارجی در سال 2023 به چاپ رسیده و قاره‌های آسیا، اروپا، آفریقا و استرالیا به ترتیب پیش‌گام این مطالعات هستند. همچنین، 10٪ پژوهش‌های انگلیسی در مجله Environmental Sciences و 20٪ پژوهش‌های داخلی در مجله نگرش‌های نو در جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی فضایی به چاپ رسیده است. نتایج حاصل از بررسی ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های این پدیده از منظر پژوهش‌های پیشین نشان داد بعد طبیعی-مصنوع، انسانی-محیطی کاربری زمین به ترتیب بیشترین تأثیر را بر هویت شهرها دارند و مؤلفه‌های ساختاری، توده‌ای و نقطه‌ای کاربری زمین از مهم‌ترین مؤلفه‌های تغییر کاربری زمین بر هویت شهرها محسوب می‌شوند.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_239673_67a0a3aeb488d11339ce5526f55d7f5d.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 22 Elucidating a Philosophical-Functional Framework for Smart City Applications in Urban Central Fabric Regeneration Studies: A Thematic Analysis Approach تبیین چارچوب فلسفی ـ کارکردی کاربست شهر هوشمند در مطالعات بازآفرینی بافت مرکزی شهری براساس رویکرد تحلیل مضمون 57 81 237410 10.30488/gps.2025.440489.3726 FA رامین قربانی گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-2974-1817 احمد پوراحمد گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-0224-5995 کرامت اله زیاری گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-9135-4768 سعید زنگنه شهرکی گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-1307-436X کیومرث حبیبی گروه شهرسازی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه کردستان‌،‌ سنندج، ایران 0000-0001-9773-6070 Journal Article 2025 07 06 A B S T R A C T The central urban fabrics of metropolitan areas, as key loci of identity and economic activity, are confronted with multidimensional challenges. The smart city paradigm offers significant transformative potential for the regeneration of these fabrics; however, the lack of an integrated theoretical framework capable of simultaneously addressing the philosophical dimensions, namely the underlying rationale, and the functional dimensions, namely the mechanisms of implementation, remains a fundamental obstacle. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a context-sensitive philosophical-functional framework to address this gap. A mixed-methods research design grounded in the pragmatism paradigm was employed. The study population comprised 200 peer-reviewed international articles, selected in accordance with the PRISMA protocol and examined through an integrated quantitative and qualitative analytical approach, including LDA and K-means algorithms implemented in Python and thematic analysis. Validity was ensured through methodological triangulation, while reliability was verified using a Cohen’s Kappa coefficient of 0.87. The quantitative analysis identified six principal conceptual clusters: smart technology and infrastructure (26.4%), socio-cultural dimensions (22.1%), governance and policy-making (18.7%), environmental sustainability and resilience (15.9%), economic regeneration (12.5%), and challenges and barriers (4.4%). The qualitative analysis resulted in the identification of 55 main themes as components and 195 sub-themes as indicators, which were structured within a three-layer framework consisting of philosophical, functional, and contextual levels. The resulting framework demonstrates that effective regeneration depends on moving beyond a purely technocratic approach toward an evolutionary perspective, in which technology is embedded within the socio-spatial fabric of the central area and shaped by three key constraints: transparent data governance, an anti-displacement social annex, and a multi-resource financial architecture. Ultimately, the study presents an implementable and locally adaptable roadmap for transforming central urban fabrics into smart, just, resilient, and sustainable spaces. Extended Abstract Introduction The concept of the smart city, as a multifaceted phenomenon, intersects with technological, economic, political, and social discourses. It should not be understood merely as a technological solution, but rather as a medium through which social relations are redefined, new spaces for the exercise of power are produced, and the logic of advanced capitalism is manifested. From a philosophical perspective, urban regeneration emphasizes the pursuit of social justice through transformations in social relations and urban governance practices. This study aims to develop a philosophical-functional framework for the application of smart city approaches in the urban regeneration of central urban areas. Central urban areas, due to the concentration of historical, economic, social, and environmental values, constitute a complex and often paradoxical arena for smart interventions. A review of the theoretical literature indicates that understanding the relationship between smartification and urban regeneration requires an interdisciplinary approach that integrates philosophical dimensions, such as justice, ethics, and autonomy, with functional aspects, including technology, infrastructure, and governance, as well as socio-cultural contextual layers. Moving beyond purely technocratic interpretations, this paper examines the concept of the smart city at the intersection of ideas advanced by thinkers ranging from Marx and Weber to Harvey and Skinner, emphasizing the necessity of designing integrated frameworks in which technology serves to strengthen social capital, enhance cultural cohesion, and reduce spatial inequalities. Methodology This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative components and grounded in the pragmatism paradigm, with the objective of extracting an integrated analytical framework. The study sample consists of 200 peer-reviewed international articles published between 2000 and 2025, retrieved from databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, and selected in accordance with the PRISMA protocol after screening an initial pool of 4,125 documents. In the quantitative phase, content analysis based on text mining techniques was conducted using Python programming and libraries such as NLTK and Scikit-learn. The data preprocessing stage involved text cleaning, stopword removal, tokenization, and lemmatization. Textual features were extracted using the TF-IDF method and N-gram models, followed by the construction of a document-term matrix. Subsequently, topic modeling was performed using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm, which resulted in the identification of eight latent topics. Conceptual clustering was then conducted using the K-means algorithm, yielding six primary conceptual clusters with satisfactory internal coherence, as indicated by an average silhouette score of 0.81. In the qualitative phase, an inductive thematic analysis was conducted on the selected articles, following the methodological approach proposed by Braun and Clarke (2021). Following the initial coding of 1,125 codes, 195 sub-themes and, ultimately, 55 main themes were identified and organized into a three-layer framework comprising philosophical, functional, and contextual layers. Reliability was ensured through parallel coding, yielding a Cohen’s Kappa coefficient of 0.87, while validity was established through data triangulation and expert review. Results and discussion The quantitative clustering analysis identified six primary conceptual clusters: smart technology and infrastructure (26.4%), social and cultural dimensions (22.1%), governance and policymaking (18.7%), environmental sustainability and resilience (15.9%), economic revitalization (12.5%), and challenges and barriers (4.4%). This distribution suggests a relative balance in the contemporary literature between technological emphases and socio-institutional considerations. The qualitative thematic analysis resulted in the identification of 55 main themes as components and 195 sub-themes as indicators, which were organized into a three-layer framework. The philosophical layer, serving an orienting role, comprises principles such as spatial justice, the right to the city, autonomy, and data ethics. The functional layer, corresponding to enactment, includes operational components such as integrated infrastructure development, participatory governance, smart monitoring, and innovative financial models. The contextual layer, which may facilitate or impede implementation, addresses factors such as the digital divide, institutional resistance, security risks, and identity sensitivities. The findings indicate that project success depends on moving beyond a technological-instrumental model toward an actively shaping smart model. Within this model, technology is not conceived as an external solution, but rather as an internal and formative factor shaped by historical, economic, and social struggles within the central urban fabric. Three key conditions for realizing this model were identified: transparent and accountable data-driven governance; the presence of a social safeguard against displacement and the assurance of the right to remain; and the design of a multi-source and sustainable financial architecture. Conclusion This study presents an integrated philosophical-functional framework for the application of smart city approaches in the urban regeneration of central urban areas, derived from the systematic integration of quantitative and qualitative findings. The main outcome of the study is a conceptual shift from viewing the smart city as a predetermined solution toward the thesis of actively shaping smart. From this perspective, the smart regeneration of central urban areas should be understood as a learning biotic system, in which technology, society, economy, and space interact dialectically and contextually to shape one another. The role of planners and policymakers, within this framework, is to design the rules governing these interactions rather than to impose predetermined outcomes. The final framework, comprising 55 components and 195 operational indicators, serves as a roadmap for managing inherent conflicts within central urban fabrics and for guiding smartification toward advances in technology, social justice, environmental sustainability, and the preservation of historical and cultural identity. This study paves the way for future research aimed at adapting and empirically testing this framework across diverse central urban contexts. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. بافت‌های مرکزی کلان‌شهرها، به‌عنوان هسته‌های هویتی و اقتصادی، با چالش‌های چندبعدی مواجه هستند. پارادایم شهر هوشمند، ظرفیت تحول در بازآفرینی این بافت‌ها را دارد؛ بااین‌حال، فقدان یک چارچوب نظری یکپارچه که هم‌زمان ابعاد فلسفی (چرایی) و کارکردی (چگونگی) را تبیین کند، مانعی اساسی است. این پژوهش با هدف تدوین چارچوبی فلسفی ـ کارکردی و زمینه آگاه برای این منظور انجام شد. روش‌شناسی ترکیبی مبتنی بر پراگماتیسم به کار گرفته شد. جامعه آماری، ۲۰۰ مقاله معتبر بین‌المللی بود که بر اساس پروتکل PRISMA انتخاب و با تلفیق تحلیل کمی (الگوریتم LDA و K-Means در پایتون) و کیفی (تحلیل مضمون) بررسی شدند. اعتبار با رویکرد مثلث سازی و پایایی با ضریب کاپای ۰٫۸۷ تأیید گردید. یافته‌های کمی، ۶ خوشه مفهومی اصلی را شناسایی کرد: فناوری و زیرساخت هوشمند (%26٫۴)، ابعاد اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی (%2۲٫۱)، حکمرانی و سیاست‌گذاری (%1۸٫۷)، پایداری و تاب‌آوری محیطی (%1۵٫۹)، بازآفرینی اقتصادی (%1۲٫۵) و چالش‌ها (%4٫۴). یافته‌های کیفی منجر به استخراج ۵۵ مضمون اصلی و ۱۹۵ مضمون فرعی و سازمان‌دهی آن‌ها در یک چارچوب سه لایه (فلسفی، کارکردی، زمینه‌ای) شد. چارچوب نهایی نشان می‌دهد موفقیت درگرو گذر از نگرش صرفاً فناورانه و اتخاذ رویکردی تکوین گراست که فناوری را در بافت اجتماعی ـ فضایی تنیده و سه قید کلیدی «حکمرانی داده شفاف»، «پیوست اجتماعی ضد جابه‌جایی» و «معماری مالی چند منبعی» را لحاظ می‌کند. دستاورد پژوهش، ارائه نقشه راهی اجرایی و بومی‌پذیر برای تبدیل این بافت‌ها به فضاهای هوشمند، عادلانه، تاب‌آور و پایدار است.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_237410_abf7a50c8d68bda1f6a79d8aca595c5c.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 22 Foresighted Policy-Making for Digital Mental Health in Tehran City سیاستگذاری آینده نگرانه سلامت روان دیجیتال در شهر تهران 83 99 228241 10.30488/gps.2025.523905.3846 FA خاطره مغانی رحیمی گروه شهرسازی و طراحی‌شهری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-1791-797X طاها ربانی گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران 0000-0001-5360-9379 Journal Article 2025 07 06 A B S T R A C T As the capital of Iran and a hub for the emergence and application of new technologies, Tehran is deeply influenced by ongoing social and technological transformations. Its citizens are increasingly exposed to both the opportunities and risks associated with digitalization and the rapid growth of related technologies. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify and examine the key drivers shaping the future of citizens’ health, explore possible scenarios and transformations in mental health under the influence of digital technologies, and propose strategic courses of action. This applied research employed multiple data collection techniques, including desk research, expert interviews (n=54), Delphi surveys (n=36), and consensus-building workshops (n=15). Analytical methods comprised environmental scanning, structural analysis, scenario development, and hierarchical analysis. Experts were identified through purposive sampling. Findings reveal four potential scenarios for the future of mental health in Tehran in relation to digital risks and therapeutic opportunities. Experts considered the second and third scenarios to be the most plausible. The first scenario, representing an ideal state, was identified as the most desirable outcome, toward which urban policymakers must intensify their efforts. Conversely, the fourth scenario represents the least desirable trajectory, which policymakers should proactively seek to prevent. Consequently, measures such as enhancing investment in digital mental health technologies, strengthening public–private support for innovation, expanding digital treatment options and integrating them with conventional care, enacting robust data privacy and security regulations, bridging the intergenerational digital divide through media literacy initiatives, and fostering greater stakeholder participation in service development can collectively improve the mental health of Tehran’s citizens in the face of digital risks and opportunities. Extended Abstract Introduction The digitalization of human life—particularly in urban contexts—presents both significant risks and promising opportunities for addressing mental health challenges. In the coming decades, emerging technologies are expected to fundamentally transform the ways in which people live, work, and interact with their environments. While such innovations hold the potential to enhance efficiency, convenience, and communication, inadequate management may lead to unintended consequences for the mental well-being of urban populations. As the capital of Iran and a key locus for the emergence and application of new technologies, Tehran is highly affected by socio-technological transformations. Its citizens are therefore exposed to both the opportunities and challenges associated with digitalization and the rapid expansion of related technologies. Accordingly, this study aims to identify and analyze the drivers shaping the future of citizens’ health, with a particular focus on scenario-building and potential transformations in mental health under the influence of digital technologies. This applied study adopts a mixed-methods approach, drawing on data collected through interviews, expert consensus, and Delphi surveys. Methodology This applied study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques, with data collected through library research, expert interviews, consensus workshops, and structured questionnaires. Aligned with the study objectives, the STEEP framework was initially applied to identify key drivers influencing the future of urban mental health. This approach assumes that the urban environment emerges from a complex interplay of forces and dynamic processes. Among various frameworks, the STEEP model is the most widely used, classifying factors into five domains: economic, social, technological, environmental, and political. Subsequently, structural-interpretive analysis (using MICMAC software in combination with expert consensus) was conducted to identify and examine the key influential drivers. A structured questionnaire was then designed, and the importance and uncertainty of each driver were assessed through the Delphi method. Recognizing that a driver’s uncertainty alone does not determine its relevance for scenario development—both high importance and significant uncertainty are required—critical uncertainties were subsequently identified. To determine the overall importance of each driver, results from the Delphi survey were combined with cross-impact analysis. Specifically, the average importance score derived from the Delphi survey was multiplied by each driver’s total impact on all other drivers, yielding a final weighted importance score. The impact calculation was based on the mean of direct and indirect influence matrices. Both importance and uncertainty values were then normalized and plotted in a critical uncertainty diagram. Considering these critical uncertainties, experts completed an uncertainty questionnaire using Scenario Wizard software, which facilitated the development and articulation of future scenarios. Finally, strategies tailored to the most plausible scenarios were identified and prioritized through hierarchical analysis. Results and discussion The findings indicate that while most drivers exhibit some level of uncertainty, several critical uncertainties were identified: government support for digital mental health innovations, the intergenerational digital divide, cybersecurity risks in digital mental health platforms, the emergence and effectiveness of digital therapies, and the extent of stakeholder engagement in the development of digital mental health services. Additionally, four scenarios were developed to explore the future of mental health in Tehran in the context of digital risks and therapeutic opportunities. Among these, the second and third scenarios were assessed as the most plausible. The first scenario represents the most favorable, ideal state, encompassing all desired features. In this scenario, government support for digital mental health innovations remains consistently high, the intergenerational digital divide is effectively managed, cybersecurity risks are minimized, digital therapies are successfully implemented, and stakeholder engagement in service development reaches its maximum level. Although the first scenario is the most desirable, it is unlikely to materialize in the short term; the second and third scenarios appear more probable given the current national context. Nevertheless, urban policymakers must continue to take proactive measures across multiple dimensions to advance toward the ideal scenario. The fourth scenario represents the least desirable trajectory, which must be actively prevented, as it could quickly emerge if urban policymakers remain passive. Conclusion Consequently, implementing measures such as increasing investment in digital mental health technologies, strengthening public and private support for innovation, expanding digital treatment options and integrating them with conventional care, establishing robust legal frameworks to safeguard user privacy and data security, bridging the intergenerational digital divide through media literacy initiatives, and enhancing stakeholder participation in the development of digital mental health services can collectively improve the mental health of Tehran’s citizens in the face of digital risks and opportunities. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. شهر تهران به‌عنوان پایتخت ایران و شهر پیشرو در زمینه ظهور و به‌کارگیری فناوری‌های نوین در آینده این کشور به‌شدت تحت تأثیر تحولات اجتماعی فناورانه قرارگرفته و شهروندان از اثرات مثبت و منفی دیجیتالی شدن زندگی و رشد فناوری‌های مرتبط متأثر خواهند شد. ازاین‌رو این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی و تحلیل پیشران‌های اثرگذار بر آینده سلامت شهروندان و تحلیل سناریوها و تغییرات سلامت روان شهروندان (متأثر از فناوری‌های دیجیتال) و ارائه شیوه‌های اقدام انجام‌شده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش کاربردی است و از روش‌های مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و مصاحبه برای جمع‌آوری و از روش‌های پویش محیطی، تحلیل ساختاری، سناریو نگاری و تحلیل سلسله مراتبی برای تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده‌شده است. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد، چهار سناریو پیش روی آینده سلامت روان شهر تهران در خصوص تهدیدات و درمان‌های دیجیتال وجود دارد. با توجه به نظرخواهی از خبرگان به نظر می‌رسد، سناریوهای دوم و سوم محتمل‌ترین سناریوها هستند. سناریو اول با داشتن تمام ویژگی‌ها در حالت ایده‌آل مطلوب‌ترین سناریوها می‌باشد. سیاست‌گذاران شهری همچنان نیازمند تلاش برای بهبود جنبه‌های مختلف برای حرکت به سمت سناریو اول هستند. سناریو چهارم بدترین حالت ممکن است و سیاست‌گذاران شهری باید از وقوع آن جلوگیری کنند. در نتیجه با در نظر داشتن اقدامات پیشنهادی در این پژوهش می‌توان سلامت روان شهروندان تهرانی را در مواجه با تهدیدات و فرصت‌های دیجیتال ارتقا داد.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_228241_ee454f5a2ff8ad28ca22610aaa2af7e0.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 22 Optimal Spatial Planning of Monitoring Stations in River Basins Using CRITIC Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: A case study of Qaleh-Chai Basin مکان‌یابی بهینه ایستگاه‌های پایش در حوضه‌های آبریز با استفاده از روش تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره CRITIC، مطالعه موردی حوضه آبریز قلعه‌چای 101 114 242629 10.30488/gps.2026.551709.3867 FA محمد حسین رضائی مقدم گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0003-2626-4656 معصومه رجبی گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران توحید رحیم پور گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0002-4034-8971 ایوب فرازیان گروه ژئومورفولوژی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 07 A B S T R A C T In light of escalating environmental challenges and climate change, the establishment of a network of monitoring stations across basins has emerged as a fundamental requirement for optimal water resource management and natural hazard mitigation. These stations facilitate the collection of precise, real-time data, enabling the analysis of hydrological trends, the assessment of flood hazards, and the development of strategic plans to reduce vulnerability. Accordingly, this study aims to identify optimal locations for monitoring stations within the Qaleh Chai basin in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. To achieve this objective, ten key parameters influencing optimal site selection were considered: elevation, slope, aspect, distance from streams, distance from villages, distance from urban areas, distance from roads, distance from faults, lithology, and land use. The CRITIC multi-criteria decision-making method was employed to determine the weight of each parameter. The weighting results revealed that proximity to rivers, roads, villages, and urban centers played a pivotal role in site selection. Using ArcGIS software, a final suitability map was generated by integrating the weighted parameters with their respective spatial layers. The map was classified into five categories: highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, unsuitable, and highly unsuitable for monitoring station installation. The findings indicated that areas near the watershed outlet—particularly low-gradient plains adjacent to rivers and major roads—were identified as ideal zones. Extended Abstract Introduction One key approach to achieving sustainable development objectives in watersheds is comprehensive monitoring and oversight of all elements and components within the basin. This approach involves the meticulous examination and assessment of various factors such as water resources, soil, vegetation, and climatic conditions, all of which play a fundamental role in ecological balance and environmental sustainability. By collecting and analyzing precise data on these components, effective, targeted measures can be designed and implemented to manage natural resources sustainably and protect the environment. To accurately monitor these components, it is essential to establish a monitoring station at the most suitable location within the watershed. Therefore, in this study, to identify and determine the most suitable and optimal possible locations for establishing monitoring stations in the Qaleh-Chay basin—considering climatic, geological, geomorphological, vegetation, and land-use factors—the CRITIC weighting method, a widely used approach in multi-criteria decision-making, has been employed. The application of such scientific and systematic methods can pave the way for integrated and comprehensive management of the studied basin. By considering various criteria and systematically integrating them, this approach enables authorities and planners to make more optimal decisions. Methodology The research focuses on the Qaleh-Chai River Basin. The geomorphological and climatic conditions governing the Qaleh Chai watershed have resulted in significant spatial and temporal fluctuations in the hydrological behavior of the Qaleh Chai River. These characteristics have endowed the study area with a high potential for flood occurrence. For instance, the recorded maximum 24-hour rainfall of 50 mm and peak discharges exceeding 120 m3 per second underscore this watershed's considerable capacity to generate severe floods. This situation arises from the combination of specific geomorphological and climatic factors in the region, which collectively lead to hydrological instability and an elevated risk of flooding. Nearly all settlements in the region are situated along the basin's main watercourses, particularly the Qaleh-Chai River, thereby substantially increasing the vulnerability of local communities. Consequently, implementing comprehensive flood management and control measures in this basin is critical. The highest point in the basin is Meydan-Dagh Mountain at 3,405 meters above sea level, while the lowest point in the downstream section is at 1,292 meters. This study adopts an applied research approach and employs a descriptive-analytical methodology. In the first phase, a comprehensive literature review and expert consultations were conducted to identify key indicators and influential parameters for selecting optimal monitoring station locations. The parameters used include elevation, slope, slope aspect, distance from stream, distance from village, distance from city, distance from road, distance from fault, lithology, and land use. In this study, slope, aspect, and elevation class maps were generated from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a 12.5-meter spatial resolution. All processing and map production stages were conducted within the ArcGIS software environment. Using Landsat 8 imagery, a land-use map of the study area was prepared, encompassing five classes as water bodies, orchards, agricultural lands, urban and rural settlements, and rangelands. For the preparation of the lithology map and the identification of faults within the study basin, 1:100,000-scale geological maps from the Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran—specifically the Ajabshir and Osku sheets—were employed. In this research, proximity maps of distances to streams, villages, cities, roads, and faults were generated using the Euclidean Distance tool in ArcGIS. These maps were classified into five distinct categories. The measured distances (including distance from rivers, villages, cities, roads, and faults) are expressed in meters. Furthermore, the drainage network of the region was extracted using the DEM layer. The Google Earth system was utilized to map the spatial locations of villages. After identifying and geolocating the villages, the collected data were imported into ArcGIS to create a comprehensive database. For extracting the spatial locations of roads within the study area, data from the OpenStreetMap website were used. Additionally, the city of Ajabshir's location within the region was determined using Google Earth and subsequently imported into ArcGIS. Results and discussion The weighting of research criteria was determined using the CRITIC method. This approach assigns each parameter an appropriate weight based on its degree of influence on the study's subject. Given that identifying a suitable location for establishing a monitoring station in the Qaleh-Chai watershed is the primary objective of this research, the key criteria for this process were considered determining factors. Accordingly, the criteria of distance from watercourses, roads, and rural and urban settlements received the highest weights due to their critical role in selecting the optimal site. Other criteria were assigned lower weights in accordance with their reduced influence on the site selection process. The parameter weighting results revealed that four key criteria—distance from river, distance from road, distance from village, and distance from city—played a significant role in determining optimal locations for monitoring stations, with respective weight coefficients of 0.134, 0.127, 0.114, and 0.101. The final suitability map was generated in ArcGIS by multiplying each parameter’s weight by its corresponding spatial layer. This map was classified into five distinct zones based on suitability levels: highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, unsuitable, and highly unsuitable for monitoring station placement. Spatial analysis indicated that the most optimal zones were predominantly located in downstream areas of the basin, particularly in low-slope plains adjacent to major rivers and primary roads. These regions were identified as ideal due to their favorable accessibility to water resources and transportation networks, while maintaining an optimal distance from urban and rural settlements. These expansive areas not only benefit from optimal topographic conditions and favorable locations but also enable the simultaneous monitoring of multiple hydrological parameters, thereby significantly reducing operational and maintenance costs. Conclusion The Qaleh-Chai Basin, covering 482 square kilometers, requires a network of monitoring stations to collect precise hydrological data due to its unique geographic location and diverse topography. The identified areas, considered ideal zones, are primarily located at the basin's outlet, gently sloping plains adjacent to the river, and along main roads. These regions are given high priority due to their easy accessibility and the potential for simultaneous monitoring of multiple parameters. This study reveals that combining multi-criteria decision-making approaches with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can provide an efficient tool for environmental planning. The findings of this study are of substantial importance from geographical, geomorphological, and natural hazard management perspectives, particularly regarding floods. Monitoring stations situated within optimized zones can provide the essential data required for flood forecasting and management. These data encompass changes in discharge, sediment load, water quality, and vegetative cover, all of which are critical for designing early warning systems and planning flood risk mitigation strategies. The findings of this research can serve as a model for other basins with similar conditions. Finally, for future studies, the use of emerging technologies such as remote sensing and artificial intelligence is recommended to enhance the accuracy and spatial coverage of monitoring data. Funding There is no funding. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. امروزه با توجه به افزایش چالش‌های محیط‌زیستی و تغییرات اقلیمی، ایجاد شبکه‌ای از پایگاه‌های پایش در سطح حوضه‌های آبریز به‌عنوان یکی از الزامات اساسی در مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و پیشگیری از مخاطرات طبیعی شناخته می‌شود. این پایگاه‌ها با جمع‌آوری داده‌های دقیق و به‌هنگام، امکان تحلیل روند تغییرات هیدرولوژیکی، ارزیابی مخاطراتی نظیر سیلاب، و برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی برای کاهش آسیب‌پذیری را فراهم می‌کنند. در همین راستا هدف اصلی این پژوهش مکان‌یابی احداث پایگاه پایش در سطح حوضه آبریز قلعه چای واقع در استان آذربایجان شرقی می‌باشد. جهت نیل به این هدف از 10 پارامتر مؤثر در انتخاب مکان‌های بهینه به‌منظور احداث پایگاه پایش استفاده گردید. پارامترهای مورد استفاده عبارت بودند از: ارتفاع، شیب، جهت شیب، فاصله از آبراهه، فاصله از روستا، فاصله از شهر، فاصله از جاده، فاصله از گسل، لیتولوژی و کاربری اراضی. در ادامه جهت وزن دهی پارامترها از روش تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره CRITIC استفاده شد. نتایج وزن دهی نشان داد که پارامترهای فاصله از رودخانه، فاصله از جاده، فاصله از روستا و فاصله از شهر نقش مهمی در مکان‌یابی پایگاه پایش داشته‌اند. نقشه نهایی از حاصل‌ضرب وزن پارامترها در لایه‌های اطلاعاتی آن‌ها در محیط نرم‌افزار ArcGIS به دست آمد. این نقشه به 5 کلاس کاملاً مناسب، مناسب، نسبتاً مناسب، نامناسب و کاملاً نامناسب از نظر مکان‌یابی پایگاه پایش تقسیم شد. نقشه نهایی نشان داد مناطق واقع در خروجی حوضه (به‌ویژه دشت‌های کم‌شیب مجاور رودخانه و جاده‌های اصلی) به‌عنوان پهنه‌های ایده‌آل شناسایی شدند.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_242629_9d84635a80c3509b8c4afac84fb72d1c.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 22 Cognitive and Attitudinal Drivers of Municipal Fee Compliance in Privileged, Semi-Privileged, and Informal Settlements of Zanjan عوامل محرک شناختی و نگرشی در پایبندی به پرداخت عوارض شهری با سطوح مختلف برخورداری، مطالعه موردی: محلات کارمندان، اسلام آباد و کوی فرهنگ شهر زنجان 115 131 242628 10.30488/gps.2026.552842.3868 FA سعید نجفی گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران 0000-0001-8462-5611 سکینه حسین نیا گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران الناز نصیری گروه طراحی شهری، واحد زنجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زنجان، ایران بهزاد اسمعیلی گروه شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 07 A B S T R A C T The perceived link between municipal service provision and fee payment is a critical driver of social equity and spatial order in urban neighborhoods. This research, therefore, investigates the behavior and underlying reasons for the payment or non-payment of municipal fees across neighborhoods exhibiting varying levels of socioeconomic privilege within Zanjan city—specifically, Islamabad (representing informal settlements), Farhang Kouy (semi-privileged), and Karmandan (privileged). Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology with a quantitative approach, the study utilizes Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Data were gathered via questionnaires (n=384) and official municipal statistics (2014-2025). Findings reveal the highest payment rate in Farhang Kouy (85.5%), exceeding Karmandan (81.6%) and Islamabad (67.6%), suggesting the significant influence of non-economic factors on payment behavior. SEM results indicate that while Awareness and Information Dissemination demonstrates excellent reliability (α=0.863), it exerts a significant negative effect on both Payment Behavior (β=-0.386) and Attitude towards Payment (β=-0.452). This paradoxical effect implies that increased awareness, in the absence of transparency, diminishes the propensity to pay. Attitude towards Payment (α=0.923) positively influences Trust and Social Participation (β=0.758), yet its direct impact on Payment Behavior is weak and negative (β=-0.204). Similarly, Trust and Social Participation (α=0.921) show a limited negative effect on Payment Behavior (β=-0.204), highlighting a pronounced attitude-behavior gap among citizens. These findings emphasize that perceptual and attitudinal variables dominate behavioral outcomes. Consequently, municipal policy must prioritize operational transparency, service quality improvements, and genuine citizen participation to align perceptions with compliant behavior and foster equitable urban governance. Extended Abstract Introduction The expectation of municipal public services in return for the payment of urban development fees is a central issue in shaping social justice and spatial order in urban neighborhoods. Consequently, from the perspective of urban management, there is a direct correlation between the payment of such fees and the provision of services to the neighborhoods. Therefore, this study aims to examine the behavior and motivations underlying residents’ decisions to pay or not pay municipal fees in neighborhoods with different levels of socio-economic advantage in Zanjan (Islamabad, an informal settlement; Farhang, semi-advantaged; and Employees, affluent). In neighborhoods such as Farhang, with relatively lower levels of affluence, residents typically face limited access to public services, while affluent areas such as Employees show greater satisfaction with the municipality's performance. Therefore, analyzing payment behavior across these contrasting neighborhoods can shed light on the relationships among spatial inequality, citizen satisfaction, and financial participation. This research is important not only for urban policymakers seeking to reform service frameworks and resource allocation, but also for increasing civic engagement, public trust, and the efficiency of municipal financial systems. The present study aims to analyze differences in urban affluence, toll payment patterns, and the factors that affect them, and to examine three selected neighborhoods in Zanjan city that represent a range of socio-economic and physical urban conditions. These neighborhoods include Islamabad (informal settlement) in the west of the city with an area of 120.5 hectares and a population of 23,465 people; Farhang (semi-affluent) in the west of the city with an area of 210 hectares and a population of 19,176 people; and the Karmandan neighborhood (affluent) in the north of the city with an area of 126.5 hectares and a population of 12,617 people. The population density calculation shows that Islamabad is the most densely populated neighborhood with a density of 194.8, indicating population pressure on limited infrastructure in informal areas, while Farhang Neighborhood with a density of 91.3, and Karmandan Neighborhood, with a density of 99.7, show moderate densities consistent with more open textures and a relative balance of area and population in semi-privileged and affluent areas. Methodology This study uses a descriptive-analytical research design with a quantitative approach and uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the data. Data were collected through two main sources as a researcher-made questionnaire (sample size: 384 respondents) and official municipal statistics (2014-2023). This study, using a causal-structural approach, addresses questions about why, how, and the factors affecting residents' payment behaviors in neighborhoods with different socioeconomic statuses. It was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability (CR = 0.81), both of which exceeded acceptable thresholds for academic research. To examine the actual status of municipal fee payment by residents of three neighborhoods with different levels of wealth, statistics on issued, paid, and unpaid receipts were analyzed during the period 2014-2023. This data provides an objective picture of citizens' financial performance towards their citizenship responsibilities in the form of fees. Results and discussion In the Karmandan Neighborhood, known for its complete and formalized infrastructure, the highest number of issued receipts (25,860) was recorded, of which about 81.5 percent (21,089) were paid. This ratio indicates a high level of adherence to municipal financial obligations, institutional trust in the municipality, and likely tangible receipt of municipal services in exchange for payments. Also, the number of uncollected receipts in this neighborhood was relatively low compared to the total amount of receivables, indicating a high receipt collection rate. In the Farhang neighborhood, which is classified as a semi-privileged area, of a total of about 19,116 receipts issued, only 8,177 have been paid, equivalent to 42.8 percent. This ratio is lower than the citywide average and reflects economic considerations, low citizen satisfaction, or insufficient incentives and motivations to pay. On the other hand, the total number of uncollected receipts in this neighborhood is significant, indicating that despite the issuance of receipts, a large percentage of the claims have not been realized. In Islamabad, an informal, underserved neighborhood, the financial situation is much worse. Of the total 23,721 receipts issued, only 8,044 and 7,992 receipts were paid; that is, about 34 percent of the total receipts were actually collected. This ratio indicates the lowest payment rate among the three neighborhoods. Also, the high rate of uncollected receipts and the high level of debt in this neighborhood indicate a trust gap, an ineffective information system, and possibly social resistance to formal institutions. In terms of payment rate and financial performance, Farhang Neighborhood is clearly the most successful in collecting debts, with an 85.5 percent payment rate, indicating a high level of financial commitment and the effectiveness of the municipality’s follow-up systems in this semi-underserved area. In contrast, Islamabad recorded the lowest performance, with a payment rate of 6.67 percent, which reveals structural challenges such as poverty, limited access to payment services, and distrust among low-income residents. Karmandan, despite its high affluence, also recorded a payment rate of 6.81 percent, which, although acceptable, would have been expected given the apparent financial strength of the residents. In terms of outstanding debt and challenges, the Karmandan Neighborhood has created the municipality's largest financial crisis, with 144 billion tomans in outstanding debt. This figure, despite the high level of affluence, indicates weakness in managing large bills or in dealing with non-payment in this neighborhood. Islamabad, with 6.64 billion tomans in debt, experiences a predictable challenge that is directly related to poverty and the inability of low-income residents to pay. On the other hand, Farhang Neighborhood has the lowest debt volume, at 32 billion Tomans, confirming the success of the collection system in this semi-privileged area. The difference between neighborhoods shows that the level of well-being is not a predictor of the payment rate; the Farhang Neighborhood (semi-privileged) has performed better with the payment rate than the employees (privileged), while Islamabad (underprivileged) requires supportive approaches. Also, employees, despite their financial strength, have the largest outstanding debt, indicating management challenges, while Farhang Neighborhood has recorded the lowest debt. These contrasts underscore the need for policymaking tailored to each neighborhood's characteristics in Zanjan Municipality. The level of well-being is not the only factor determining payment; attitudes, social trust, awareness of how to spend money, and the quality of services provided by the municipality also play a decisive role. In neighborhoods such as Islamabad, where participation and trust indicators are lower, collection rates have also decreased. In contrast, in a neighborhood such as Farhang, which is moderately well-off, participation rates have been higher. This result is well consistent with the structural equation model, which shows a significant relationship among attitude, social trust, and payment behavior. The results indicate a strong correlation between municipal fee payment patterns and neighborhood well-being/legitimacy. In more affluent areas, residents demonstrate trust, financial discipline, and a clearer motivation to comply with the rules. Conversely, in informal settlements, issues such as distrust, perceived discrimination, and the lack of tangible services or formal property rights weaken incentives and reduce participation. It is noteworthy that the payment rate in Farhang (85.5%) is higher than those in Karmandan (81.6%) and Islamabad (67.6%), highlighting the role of non-economic factors in payment behavior. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results show that awareness campaigns, despite excellent reliability (α = 0.863), show a significant negative effect on payment behavior (β = -0.386) and attitude towards payment (β = -0.452). This paradoxical result shows that increased information can reduce compliance, particularly when cost allocation is perceived as ambiguous. Payment attitudes; Positive attitudes towards payment show a strong positive effect on trust and social participation (β = 0.758), but their direct effect on behavior is weak and negative (β = -0.204). Trust and participation; Trust/social participation similarly shows a limited negative effect on payment behavior (β = -0.204), confirming the persistent attitude-behavior gap among citizens. The findings indicate that cognitive and attitudinal variables mainly have a negative effect on payment behavior. As a result, municipal policymaking should prioritize increasing operational transparency, improving the quality of municipal services, and fostering genuine citizen participation to reduce the attitude-behavior gap and increase the willingness to comply with costs within the framework of spatial justice and citizen satisfaction. At the macro level, this study emphasizes that urban finance models need to shift from a “behavior change” approach to a “structural change” model. Municipalities cannot simply rely on raising awareness or imposing fines. Instead, they need to reform resource distribution systems and ensure spatial justice to foster trust and engagement. Conclusion Ultimately, this research not only deepens the understanding of the cost-sharing phenomenon but also serves as a practical guide for cities in Iran and other developing countries. Sustainable cities emerge from the synergy of “transparency, accountability, and equity,” without these three pillars, no city finance system can function sustainably. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper انتظار ارائه خدمات عمومی شهری در برابر پرداخت عوارض نوسازی شهرداری نیز یکی از مسائل شکلگیری برابری اجتماعی و نظم فضایی در محلات شهری تلقی میگردد. از اینرو میتوان گفت ارتباط مستقیمی میان پرداخت عوارض نوسازی و خدمات-دهی به محلات از دیدگاه مدیریت شهری وجود دارد. لذا هدف این پژوهش نگرشی بر رفتار و دلایل پرداخت یا عدم پرداخت عوارض شهرداری در محلات با سطوح مختلف برخورداری شهر زنجان (اسلام‌آباد به‌عنوان اسکان غیررسمی، کوی فرهنگ نیمه‌برخوردار و کارمندان برخوردار) میباشد. روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی با رویکرد کمّی و استفاده از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری است. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه (نمونه ۳۸۴ نفر) و آمار رسمی شهرداری (۱۴۰۴-۱۳۹۳) گردآوری شد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد نرخ پرداخت عوارض در کوی فرهنگ (5/85 درصد) بالاتر از کارمندان (6/81 درصد) و اسلام‌آباد (6/67 درصد) است، که حاکی از نقش عوامل غیراقتصادی در رفتار پرداخت است. نتایج مدل‌سازی ساختاری نشان می‌دهد آگاهی و اطلاع‌رسانی با وجود پایایی عالی (863/0 = α)، اثر منفی معناداری بر رفتار پرداخت (386/0- =β) و نگرش به پرداخت (452/0- =β) دارد که نشان‌دهنده اثر پارادوکسیکال افزایش آگاهی بر کاهش تمایل به پرداخت در شرایط فقدان شفافیت است. نگرش نسبت به پرداخت (923/0 = α) اثر مثبتی بر اعتماد و مشارکت اجتماعی (758/0 =β) دارد، اما تأثیر مستقیم آن بر رفتار پرداخت ضعیف و منفی (204/0- =β) است. اعتماد و مشارکت اجتماعی (921/0 = α) نیز اثر منفی محدودی بر رفتار پرداخت نشان می‌دهد (204/0- =β) که بیانگر شکاف نگرش-رفتار شهروندان است.یافته‌ها تأکید می‌کنند. نتایج حاکی از آن است که متغیرهای شناختی و نگرشی عمدتاً در جهت منفی بر رفتار پرداخت تأثیر می‌گذارند.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_242628_a9e8274838ca8bea34ca8e417b5a4911.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 22 Analyzing the impact of regional development on improving integrated urban management with a sustainability approach: A case study of Tehran City تحلیل تأثیر توسعه منطقه‌ای بر بهبود مدیریت یکپارچه شهری با رویکرد پایداری، مطالعه موردی: ‌شهر تهران 133 151 242630 10.30488/gps.2026.519494.3843 FA زهرا عبدالهی گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر تهران، تهران، ایران 0009-0007-0352-1716 عباس افرادی گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد اصفهان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران رضا قنواتی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور رضوان‌شهر، یزد، ایران امین پورقاسمی صوفیانی گروه برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت شهری، دانشکده شهرسازی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 08 A B S T R A C T Regional development, as one of the overarching approaches in spatial planning, can play a significant role in enhancing integrated urban management and pave the way for achieving balanced and sustainable development in metropolitan areas. This approach to management seeks the integration of resources, higher productivity, and a fairer distribution of the benefits of development. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the role of sustainable development with a focus on regional development as the basis for strengthening integrated urban management in the metropolis of Tehran. The research method of the present study is descriptive-survey and is of applied and correlational type. In order to collect the theoretical foundations of information regarding the explanation of the research literature, the library method and documentary studies were used. The data collection tool in the present study was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the residents of different areas of Tehran. Also, Cochran's formula was used to calculate the statistical sample of the study. The sample size was determined to be 384 people, who were selected by simple random sampling. Finally, Spss and Smart-Pls software were used to analyze the research data. The results reveal that higher levels of sustainable development and its components are significantly associated with enhanced integrated urban management and notable improvements in the efficiency and effectiveness of urban organizations. Moreover, prioritizing regional development and strengthening its dimensions increases the capacity for integrated management and contributes to the growth and empowerment of urban institutions. Overall, the study underscores a positive and significant correlation between sustainable development and integrated management, a relationship that can lead to substantial improvements in the governance and performance of metropolitan Tehran. Extended Abstract Introduction Integrated management, as a fundamental pillar of regional development, plays a crucial role in achieving the goals of sustainable development and land use planning. By emphasizing coordination and cooperation among various groups and institutions, integrated management can pave the way for balanced and sustainable development in different regions. This approach to management seeks the integration of resources, higher productivity, and a fairer distribution of the benefits of development. Therefore, the realization of effective and sustainable regional development requires the use of integrated management approaches and strategies that are implemented for the purpose of sustainable development and improving the quality of life in these regions. Given the current challenges related to climate change, energy poverty, reduced biodiversity, and other environmental problems, the need for sustainable development that is managed in a more comprehensive and integrated manner at regional scales has increased. With this introduction, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the role of sustainable development with a focus on regional development as the basis for strengthening integrated urban management in the metropolis of Tehran. Specifically, this research examines the impact of sustainable development on integrated management with a focus on regional development criteria in the city of Tehran. The challenges and obstacles that exist in the path of achieving the goals of sustainable development and integrated management lead this research towards a better understanding of their causes and prerequisites for success. Methodology The research method of the present study is descriptive-survey and is of applied and correlational type. Various documentary, library, and field methods were used to collect information; in a way that in the documentary and library method, the theoretical foundations related to the research topic - reference books, articles related to the research topic, etc. - were reviewed, and in the field method, a questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale was used to collect the required data. The statistical population of the study is the residents of different areas of Tehran. Accordingly, and given its large population, the sample size of the study was considered to be 384 people using Cochran's formula, and the questionnaires were distributed randomly among the citizens. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face validity and with regard to the opinions of geography and urban planning experts as well as university professors. Also, the research instrument had good reliability and high internal consistency. So that the Cronbach's alpha value of all indicators as well as the composite reliability of all variables was greater than 0.7, and their convergent validity was also higher than 0.5. Spss and Smart-Pls software were used to analyze the information in the present study. Results and discussion The present study was based on two hypotheses: In the first hypothesis, it was assumed that the dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social, environmental, and infrastructure and transportation) have an impact on strengthening the integrated management of Tehran; By examining the statistical results, it was found that the impact of sustainable development and its dimensions on strengthening the integrated management of Tehran is statistically significant. So that the t-value for the total dimensions was 5.261.Also, the significance level lower than 0.05 showed that this relationship is significant at the 99% confidence level. Based on this, it can be concluded that the dimensions of sustainable development significantly affect the strengthening of integrated management in the city of Tehran. So that with any increase in the sustainable development variable and each of its dimensions, the integrated management variable will also be accompanied by a significant increase. In the second hypothesis, it was also assumed that the focus on regional development as one of the essential components of sustainable development has a positive and significant impact on promoting integrated urban management in Tehran. The results of the analysis showed that sustainable development with a focus on regional development can strengthen integrated urban management in the city of Tehran. The path coefficient (beta) corresponding to this relationship was positive and significant, and the T-value of 2.066 with a significance level of 0.039 showed that this relationship is statistically significant. These results show that sustainable development, along with regional development, can facilitate and strengthen the improvement of integrated management, which can lead to the growth and progress of organizations in this city. Conclusion The overall results of the research show that sustainable development has a positive and significant effect on integrated regional management in the city of Tehran. In a way that an increase in sustainable development will be accompanied by a significant increase in the integrated management of regional development and a significant improvement in the performance and efficiency of organizations.Also, focusing on regional development and land use planning increases the ability to strengthen integrated management and leads to the growth and progress of urban organizations. Therefore, having a macro-territorial view in planning with regard to existing capacities, capacity building through increasing competition within and between regions, and in general, the importance of attention to land use planning as a fundamental and decisive concept in the planning process, along with the management of resources and the preservation of existing and future potentials of Tehran, can provide the basis for achieving a balanced territorial development commensurate with all capacities. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. توسعه منطقه‌ای به‌عنوان یکی از رویکردهای کلان برنامه‌ریزی فضایی می‌تواند نقش مؤثری در بهبود مدیریت یکپارچه شهری ایفا کرده و زمینه‌ساز تحقق توسعه متوازن و پایدار در کلان‌شهرها باشد. این نگرش به مدیریت، به‌دنبال ادغام منابع، بهره‌وری بالاتر، و توزیع عادلانه‌تر منافع از توسعه است. ازاین‌رو، هدف پژوهش حاضر تحلیل نقش توسعه پایدار با تمرکز بر توسعه منطقه‌ای به‌عنوان زیربنای تقویت مدیریت یکپارچه شهری در کلان‌شهر تهران است. Top of Formروش تحقیق پژوهش حاضر توصیفی- پیمایشی و از نوع کاربردی و همبستگی است. جهت گردآوری مبانی نظری اطلاعات در خصوص تبیین ادبیات موضوع تحقیق از روش کتابخانه‌ای و مطالعات اسنادی استفاده گردید. ابزار گردآوری داده‎ها در تحقیق حاضر پرسش‌نامه بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش، ساکنین مناطق مختلف شهر تهران بود. همچنین از فرمول کوکران برای محاسبه نمونه آماری پژوهش استفاده شد. حجم نمونه 384 نفر تعیین شد که به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده تکمیل گردید. در نهایت برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌های پژوهش از نرم‌افزارهای Spss و Smart-Pls استفاده شد. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که افزایش در توسعه پایدار و ابعاد آن با ارتقاء معناداری در مدیریت یکپارچه شهری و بهبود محسوس در عملکرد و کارایی نهادهای مرتبط همراه خواهد بود. همچنین، تمرکز بر توسعه منطقه‌ای و تقویت ابعاد آن، ظرفیت مدیریت یکپارچه را افزایش داده و موجب رشد و توانمندسازی سازمان‌های شهری می‌شود. در مجموع، نتایج پژوهش بر وجود همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌دار میان توسعه پایدار و مدیریت یکپارچه تأکید دارد. این همبستگی می‌تواند به بهبود چشمگیری در عملکرد و اداره‌ سازمان‌ها در شهر تهران منجر شود.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_242630_17ce88ed1d90a3cbbb8fe4a7cf408dff.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 23 Analysis of Factors Influencing Tourists' Mental Engagement in Rural Tourism Destinations: A case study of Tourist Villages in Torghabeh District, Torghabeh–Shandiz County تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر درگیری ذهنی گردشگران در مقصدهای گردشگری روستایی مطالعه موردی: روستاهای گردشگری بخش طرقبه، شهرستان طرقبه -شاندیز 153 169 242631 10.30488/gps.2026.488940.3802 FA مینا بهزادفر گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران حمدالله سجاسی قیداری گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران حمید شایان گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 09 A B S T R A C T Today, tourists’ mental engagement is a pivotal factor influencing their behavior and attitudes toward a destination. It plays a critical role in determining tourists’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction with a destination. Consequently, it is essential to identify and examine the factors influencing tourists’ mental engagement in tourist destinations. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate and analyze the determinants of tourists’ mental engagement. Methodologically, this research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and is applied in terms of its objectives. A mixed-method approach, combining literature review and fieldwork, was employed for data collection, with a questionnaire serving as the primary instrument. The study area comprises the tourist villages located in the Torghabeh District. Using Cochran’s formula for an unknown population, the sample size was determined to be 384 participants. The statistical population included all tourists aged 15 and above. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted using SPSS software to identify the factors influencing tourists’ mental engagement. The results indicated that six primary factors contribute to tourists’ mental engagement: economic conditions, rural tourism culture, village infrastructure, public services, the village’s general geography, and visual appeal. Among these, economic conditions exerted the most significant influence on tourists’ mental engagement in the surveyed villages. Therefore, it is imperative to examine these determinants in rural tourist destinations and implement strategies to strengthen the indicators associated with each factor. By addressing these factors, it is possible to foster long-term tourist satisfaction and loyalty toward the destination. Extended Abstract Introduction Like other businesses, rural tourism destinations strive to differentiate themselves from competitors and create unique experiences for their visitors, ultimately aiming to enhance tourist satisfaction. Numerous factors influence tourist satisfaction at a destination, among which tourists’ mental engagement plays a particularly significant role. Mental engagement is rooted in tourists’ behaviors and attitudes and reflects why they show greater interest in certain activities or aspects of a destination than in others, essentially representing a chain of preferences that shapes their overall experience. Tourists express their attitudes toward the products and services offered at a destination. Therefore, when tourism is regarded as a product and tourists as its consumers, mental engagement becomes a critical factor in shaping tourist experiences. In rural tourism destinations, multiple factors influence tourists’ mental engagement, shaping their behaviors and attitudes toward the destination and affecting their intentions to revisit. Consequently, it is essential for managers and planners of tourist villages with significant attractions to identify the factors influencing tourists’ mental engagement in order to enhance development and differentiate their destinations from competitors. Torghabeh–Shandiz County, located in Razavi Khorasan Province, attracts numerous domestic tourists annually due to its abundant natural, cultural, and historical attractions, making it one of the most prominent and active tourism hubs in the country. Tourism constitutes a significant source of income and employment in the region; therefore, given its substantial economic impact, it is crucial to identify and consider the factors influencing tourists’ mental engagement. Accordingly, this research aims to identify the factors influencing tourists’ mental engagement in the rural tourism destinations of Torghabeh, addressing the central question: What factors affect tourists’ mental engagement with rural tourism destinations? Methodology This study is classified as applied research in terms of its purpose and adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology. A combination of literature review and fieldwork was employed to collect the necessary data. To identify the factors influencing tourists’ mental engagement, 24 relevant items were extracted from previous studies using a literature-based approach. A questionnaire was then designed using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (very good) to 5 (very poor). The study area encompasses the Torghabeh section of Torghabeh–Shandiz County. Of the 26 inhabited villages in this section, 10 villages with the highest number of tourist attractions, according to the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, were selected as case studies. The statistical population consisted of all tourists aged 15 and above, both male and female, who stayed at least one night in these villages. Since the number of returning tourists is large and not officially recorded, Cochran’s formula for an unknown population was used to determine the sample size. Accordingly, with a 5% margin of error and a 95% confidence level, the sample size was determined to be 384 participants. Because the exact number of tourists in each village was unknown, the sample was distributed approximately equally across the 10 selected villages. Villages with larger tourist populations—Hesar, Maghan, Jagharq, and Kong—were allocated 39 participants each, while the remaining villages were assigned 38 participants. To ensure the questionnaire’s validity, experts in rural planning and tourism were consulted, and their feedback confirmed the content validity of the items. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha in SPSS, yielding a coefficient of 0.854 for the items related to factors influencing mental engagement, indicating a high level of reliability. Results and discussion The findings indicate that regarding the frequency of visits to the studied tourist destinations, the majority of respondents (59.1%) had traveled to these destinations more than twice, while the smallest proportion (11.2%) had visited exactly twice. Concerning the type of travel, most trips (63.5%) were undertaken with family, whereas individual trips accounted for the smallest proportion (3.1%). Regarding the mode of transportation, the overwhelming majority of trips (93.2%) were made using private vehicles. Concerning the length of stay, most visits (51%) were day trips, whereas only a small proportion (6%) involved stays of more than two nights. Regarding the purpose of travel, the majority of trips (70.8%) were for recreation and entertainment, whereas the smallest proportion (10.2%) was for visiting relatives and acquaintances. Conclusion Today, a critical factor in the success of rural tourism destinations is understanding tourists’ mental engagement with the destination, as it significantly influences their attitudes, behaviors, and future travel decisions. Identifying the factors that influence mental engagement in rural tourism destinations is therefore essential for effective destination management. To identify key indicators of tourists’ mental engagement in the studied villages, six factors were extracted: economic conditions, rural tourism culture, village infrastructure, public services, the village’s general geography, and visual appeal. Consequently, rural tourism destinations should prioritize these six factors to enhance visitor satisfaction and achieve long-term success. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. امروزه درگیری ذهنی در گردشگری یکی از موضوعات مهمی است که نوع رفتار و نگرش گردشگران را نسبت به یک مقصد شکل می‌دهد و نقش بسیار مهمی در رضایتمندی و یا عدم رضایتمندی گردشگران از یک مقصد دارد؛ لذا ضرورت دارد که درگیری ذهنی و عوامل مؤثر بر آن در مقاصد گردشگری شناسایی و موردتوجه قرار بگیرد؛ بنابراین، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر درگیری ذهنی گردشگران می‌باشد. این پژوهش از نظر روش تحقیق توضیفی -تحلیلی و به لحاظ هدف کاربردی می‌باشد. برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از روش ترکیبی کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی و از ابزار پرسش‌نامه استفاده گردیده است. محدوده موردمطالعه روستاهای گردشگری بخش طرقبه است. حجم نمونه بر اساس فرمول کوکران با حجم جامعه نامعلوم برابر با 384 نفر است و جامعه آماری در این تحقیق تمامی گردشگران بالای 15 سال می‌باشد. برای تجزیه‎وتحلیل داده‌ها و شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر درگیری ذهنی گردشگران از روش تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی در نرم‌افزار Spss استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه‎وتحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که بر اساس این روش عوامل اقتصادی، فرهنگ گردشگری روستا، زیرساخت‌های روستا، خدمات عمومی، جغرافیای عمومی روستا، زیبایی بصری روستا در شکل‌گیری درگیری ذهنی گردشگران مؤثر است. دراین‌بین عامل اقتصادی بیشترین تأثیر را در ایجاد درگیری ذهنی در روستاهای موردمطالعه داشته است؛ بنابراین ضرورت دارد که عوامل مؤثر در درگیری ذهنی در روستاهای مقصد گردشگری مورد بررسی قرار بگیرد و در جهت ارتقای معرف‌های هر عامل اقدام شود، در این صورت می‌توان رضایت و وفاداری را نسبت مقصد در بلندمدت ایجاد کرد.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_242631_ab43561deeab7ee91ef50dd5eba13cbe.pdf

دانشگاه گلستان مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا 2538-5739 15 4 2025 12 22 Explaining the Factors Influencing Strategic Development with a Creative City Approach: A case study of Shahrekord تبیین عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه راهبردی با رویکرد شهر خلاق مطالعه موردی: شهر شهرکرد 171 192 243402 10.30488/gps.2026.577468.3891 FA جمال الدین حسینی مطلق گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران بختیار عزت پناه گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران ابراهیم تقوی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 09 A B S T R A C T The inefficiency of traditional urban planning approaches in Iran has intensified the necessity of adopting innovative frameworks such as the City Development Strategy (CDS). The present study aims to explain the factors influencing the strategic development of Shahrekord through a creative city approach and to propose its process model. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of nature and methodology, it is descriptive-analytical. Data were collected using both library-based and field methods. In the qualitative phase, 18 academic and executive experts were selected through purposive sampling and participated in the Delphi process and Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM). In the complementary quantitative phase, 384 citizens were selected through stratified cluster sampling and completed validated questionnaires with confirmed reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.8). This section was conducted solely to provide the mental and contextual framework of the study and did not contribute to the main model. Data analysis was carried out using MICMAC analysis. The quantitative evaluation indicated that the four CDS dimensions in Shahrekord are in an unfavourable condition, with the governance dimension (mean = 2.98) and competitiveness dimension (mean = 3.02) obtaining the lowest scores. The Interpretive Structural Model identified “strengthening the local community” and “enhancing attractiveness and creativity” as the fundamental driving forces at the highest level. Furthermore, MICMAC analysis revealed that most variables were located within the linkage zone, indicating complex and bidirectional relationships among the elements and reflecting the strong interdependence of development components in Shahrekord.The formulation of a Shahrekord City Development Strategy document based on the creative city approach requires simultaneous attention to the three components of tolerance, talent, and technology within the framework of the four CDS dimensions. The proposed process model, emphasising the infrastructural role of the local community and creativity, can serve as a roadmap for urban planners and policymakers. Extended Abstract Introduction Cities, as the most complex achievements of human civilization, are dynamic and multidimensional phenomena. In the post–World War II era, one of the most significant challenges facing developing countries has been rapid and unbalanced urban growth. This trend is becoming increasingly critical, particularly with projections indicating that more than 60% of the world’s population will reside in urban areas by 2030. Accordingly, the present study aims to explain the factors influencing the strategic development of the city of Shahrekord through a creative city approach. Despite its strategic geographical position, Shahrekord faces serious social, economic, and environmental challenges. Therefore, the necessity of formulating a City Development Strategy (CDS) based on the creative city approach has become increasingly evident. In this regard, the study seeks to answer the following question: What are the factors influencing the strategic development of Shahrekord within the framework of the creative city approach? Within this context, the City Development Strategy document is considered a key instrument for realising the vision of the “creative city.” This document provides a strategic framework comprising objectives, priorities, and policy measures that guide urban development and improvement, while also serving as a roadmap for urban decision-making and investment. Nevertheless, the urban planning system in Iran, which is predominantly based on comprehensive and detailed plans characterized by sectoral, prescriptive, and inflexible approaches, lacks a democratic and participatory framework. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a fundamental revision of this system and the adoption of approaches such as CDS to enhance citizen participation and improve the efficiency of decision-making and policy-making processes. The expansion of urbanisation and the increasing complexity of urban issues have further intensified the need for comprehensive and effective strategies aimed at improving citizens’ quality of life. The necessity of conducting this research stems from the inefficiency of traditional planning approaches in addressing contemporary urban challenges, particularly in developing countries. Urban planning systems in these countries share several common characteristics, including unrealistic and overly ambitious goals, the absence of a coherent legal framework, limited financial resources, inadequate citizen participation, and the rigidity of existing plans. In Iran, urban development plans have similarly failed to provide effective solutions to urban problems due to factors such as neglect of demographic drivers, non-expert interventions, prolonged approval procedures, lack of a regional perspective, and insufficient attention to the dominant functions of cities. One of the most prominent manifestations of this new approach is the City Development Strategy (CDS). However, Iran’s urban planning system, which is largely grounded in traditional comprehensive planning, continues to suffer from the absence of a participatory framework. In this regard, the City Development Strategy document has emerged as an important instrument for achieving the concept of the “creative city.” Creativity is widely recognised as a driving force for economic growth, innovation, and the enhancement of quality of life. Methodology The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and methodology. The research was conducted using a mixed-methods approach (qualitative–quantitative). In the qualitative phase, which constituted the core of the analysis, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 experts, including four representatives from the municipality, five from the governor-general’s office, three from the Housing Foundation, three from the governor’s office, and three university faculty members. Participants were selected purposively based on the criterion of having at least five years of executive or research experience in the field of urban planning. In the complementary quantitative phase, a questionnaire was distributed among 384 citizens. The results of this phase—without direct involvement in the ISM model—were used solely to provide the researchers with a contextual understanding of the existing conditions in Shahrekord. However, the principal analyses (ISM and MICMAC models) were conducted exclusively on the basis of expert opinions gathered from the 18 specialists using Delphi and Nominal Group techniques. For Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), eight key variables were initially extracted through a systematic review of the theoretical literature and adaptation to the conditions of Shahrekord. Subsequently, to construct the Structural Self-Interaction Matrix (SSIM), the experts participated in two nominal group sessions. In the first session, pairwise relationships between each pair of the eight variables were determined using the symbols V (direct influence from i to j), A (direct influence from j to i), X (mutual influence), and O (no relationship). In the second session, divergent opinions were refined into consensus through two rounds of Delphi feedback. Ultimately, the SSIM matrix was finalised based on the consensus of the 18 experts. The SSIM matrix was then converted into initial and final reachability matrices. Finally, variable level partitioning and MICMAC analysis were performed. The content validity of the research instruments was confirmed through the calculation of the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI), both exceeding 0.8. Reliability was also verified through repeatability testing across two stages, yielding an agreement rate above 85%. Findings The findings of the ISM model demonstrated that “strengthening the local community” and “enhancing attractiveness and creativity” are the most fundamental driving forces for creative city development in Shahrekord. This finding is consistent with the theory proposed by Florida (2004) regarding the role of the creative class and also aligns with the results of Jafari Namvar et al. (2025), who identified “talent” as the most important indicator. Furthermore, the placement of “governance” at Level 3 and within the dependent cluster indicates that improving governance is not feasible without strengthening the local community. This finding confirms the inefficiency of traditional and top-down planning approaches in Shahrekord. The MICMAC analysis, which located most variables within the linkage cluster, highlights the systemic nature of development. In other words, due to weaknesses in the underlying variables—namely the local community and creativity—other dimensions have become trapped within a network of interdependencies. This situation underscores the necessity of adopting simultaneous and integrated strategies. The most significant contribution of this study is the presentation of a multi-level process model based on ISM, demonstrating that the two elements of “strengthening the local community” and “enhancing attractiveness and creativity” function as the most influential foundational drivers. Contrary to the common assumption that infrastructural improvement or financial provision should be prioritized, the extracted model indicates that under the specific conditions of Shahrekord—characterized by weak governance and deteriorated social capital—the starting point for transformation lies in empowering the local community and creating attractiveness for the creative class. From a theoretical perspective, this finding challenges purely physical and infrastructure-oriented approaches by emphasizing the soft and human dimensions of development. Conclusion The principal achievement of this research is the presentation of a multi-level process model based on Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis. The model demonstrates that the elements of “strengthening the local community” and “enhancing attractiveness and creativity” serve as the most fundamental and infrastructural driving forces at the highest level of influence. Based on the findings, the formulation of a City Development Strategy for Shahrekord grounded in the creative city approach should be structured around the following strategic priorities: First, empowering the local community and strengthening social capital through the establishment of civic organizations, the organization of cultural and artistic events, and the creation of mechanisms for meaningful citizen participation in urban decision-making processes. Second, fostering and attracting talent through support for creative and start-up businesses, the establishment of entrepreneurial spaces, and the strengthening of linkages among universities, industry, and society. Third, institutionalizing a culture of tolerance through the promotion of cultural diversity, respect for differences, and the creation of inclusive public spaces. Fourth, utilizing modern information and communication technologies to improve urban services, enhance transparency and accountability within urban management institutions, and facilitate communication between citizens and urban managers. Fifth, ensuring sustainable financing for urban development projects through the use of innovative financial instruments, attracting private-sector investment, and providing financial support for creative industries. From a practical perspective, the proposed model can serve as a roadmap for urban planners, encouraging them to design programs and projects with a priority on “people and creativity” rather than merely on “construction and physical development.” Based on the findings, the following recommendations are proposed: · Establishing a Creative and Social Innovation Center in Shahrekord through cooperation between universities and the municipality; · Redefining decision-making processes within the City Council toward maximum participation of non-governmental organizations; · Designing an operational program to attract creative graduates by providing financial incentives and appropriate workspaces; · Employing information technologies to increase municipal transparency and accountability. One limitation of this study is its focus on a single city; therefore, the generalizability of the findings should be approached with caution. It is recommended that future studies conduct comparative analyses of creative cities in Iran and also examine the individual roles of the three components of tolerance, talent, and technology within the CDS dimensions through advanced quantitative methods. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ناکارآمدی رویکردهای سنتی برنامه‌ریزی شهری در ایران، ضرورت بهره‌گیری از رهیافت‌های نوینی همچون راهبرد توسعه شهری (CDS) را دوچندان ساخته است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه راهبردی شهر شهرکرد با رویکرد شهر خلاق و ارائه مدل فرآیندی آن انجام‌شده است. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از حیث ماهیت، توصیفی-تحلیلی است. گردآوری داده‌ها به دو روش کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی صورت گرفت. در بخش کیفی، ۱۸ نفر از خبرگان دانشگاهی و اجرایی به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند در فرآیند دلفی و مدل‌سازی ساختاری-تفسیری (ISM) مشارکت داشتند. (بخش کمی تکمیلی با ۳۸۴ شهروند به روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای طبقه‌بندی‌شده انتخاب و با پایایی پرسشنامه تأییدشده (آلفای کرونباخ > ۰.۸) را تکمیل کردند و صرفاً برای ترسیم زمینه ذهنی پژوهش انجام شد و نقشی در مدل اصلی نداشت.) تحلیل داده‌ها با MICMAC انجام شد ارزیابی کمی نشان داد شاخص‌های چهارگانه CDS در شهرکرد وضعیت نامطلوبی دارند؛ به‌ویژه ابعاد حکمروایی (میانگین ۲.۹۸) و رقابت‌پذیری (میانگین ۳.۰۲) پایین‌ترین مقادیر را کسب کردند. مدل ساختاری-تفسیری، عناصر «تقویت جامعه محلی» و «افزایش جذابیت و خلاقیت» را به‌عنوان پیش‌ران‌های بنیادین در بالاترین سطح شناسایی کرد. تحلیل MICMAC نیز حاکی از قرارگیری اکثر متغیرها در ناحیه پیوندی و وجود روابط پیچیده و دوسویه میان عناصر بود که نشان‌دهنده وابستگی متقابل شدید مؤلفه‌های توسعه در شهرکرد است. تدوین سند راهبرد توسعه شهرکرد با رویکرد شهر خلاق، نیازمند توجه هم‌زمان به سه مؤلفه تسامح، استعداد و تکنولوژی در چارچوب ابعاد چهارگانه CDS است. مدل فرآیندی ارائه‌شده با تأکید بر نقش زیرساختی جامعه محلی و خلاقیت، می‌تواند به‌عنوان نقشه راهی برای برنامه‌ریزان شهری عمل کند.

https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_243402_e332e295ab9c69a5fa54bb91f10cba38.pdf