https://gps.gu.ac.ir/ Geographical planning of space quarterly journal en daily 1 Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Tue, 21 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_246109.html A B S T R A C TThis study examines the influence of housing patterns on residential satisfaction by comparing neighborhood satisfaction in apartment-based developments (Mehr Housing) with villa-type neighborhoods (Blocks 2 and 7). The research adopts a cross-sectional case study design and applies a descriptive-analytical approach to assess residential satisfaction. The study population comprises all households in Tohid Shahr, from which a sample of 316 households was selected. The results indicate that residential satisfaction levels in all three neighborhoods were above the average; however, notable differences were observed among them. Among the three cases, the Mehr Housing project exhibited the lowest level of residential satisfaction, while homeowners generally reported higher satisfaction than renters. In total, 21 distinct factors influencing residential satisfaction were identified. Specifically, 13 factors were extracted from 49 items in Block 2, 14 factors in Block 7, and 14 factors in the Mehr Housing neighborhood. These factors explained a substantial proportion of the variance in residential satisfaction, accounting for 71.54% in Block 2, 69.83% in Block 7, and 73.41% in Mehr Housing, with an average explanatory power of approximately 72%. Notably, social capital emerged as the most influential determinant of residential satisfaction across all neighborhoods. In Block 2, the most influential factors included social capital, sense of security, and place attachment. In Block 7, the primary determinants were social trust, housing quality, and social networks, whereas in the Mehr Housing neighborhood, social capital, place attachment, and environmental readability were most prominent. These leading factors explained approximately 28%, 25%, and 27% of the variance in residential satisfaction within their respective neighborhoods. Overall, residents living in lower-density neighborhoods with a higher proportion of villa units reported greater residential satisfaction than those residing in Mehr Housing apartment complexes. The study highlights the need for in-depth qualitative research to better understand and improve living conditions in existing neighborhoods.Extended AbstractIntroductionAs urban populations continue to grow and cities expand spatially, understanding residential satisfaction and its underlying determinants has become increasingly important. Housing satisfaction plays a significant role in shaping residents’ well-being and overall quality of life, rendering scholarly investigation in this field essential, particularly in the context of global housing policies aimed at improving living conditions. Assessing the factors that influence housing satisfaction is therefore essential for evaluating the effectiveness of such housing policies.In Iran, rapid urban population growth over the past five decades has prompted the implementation of various housing initiatives. One of the principal strategies has involved the development of new cities and towns in proximity to major metropolitan areas as a means of addressing housing shortages. The Mehr Housing Project, initiated in 2007, was designed to support low-income groups, with implementation plans extending through 2024. In addition, the National Housing Plan, introduced by the thirteenth government, aims to construct one million residential units annually, thereby facilitating housing provision for low-income urban populations.In Sabzevar, urban development policies have resulted in the establishment of Towhid City, located approximately eight kilometers from the main urban area. Recent development projects, including a 21-hectare national housing site and the 495-unit Shahid Mohaddinia complex, are expected to contribute to population growth in the area. These developments highlight the necessity of assessing residential satisfaction among local inhabitants, which constitutes the central focus of the present study. Towhid City encompasses a range of housing typologies, including villa-type residences and apartment units within the Mehr Housing area. Understanding variations in residential satisfaction across these housing models is critical for informing future urban housing policies, particularly with respect to new residential developments, forthcoming project phases, and national housing initiatives. Accordingly, the study aims to:· assess residential satisfaction in the Mehr Housing area, Block 2, and Block 7;· identify the key factors influencing residential satisfaction;· analyze differences in satisfaction levels across the selected neighborhoods. MethodologyThis applied, cross-sectional case study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine residential satisfaction. The study population includes all households in the Towhid area of Sabzevar, from which a sample of 316 households was selected. The research instrument consists of a questionnaire with 65 items, of which 16 capture respondents’ background variables and personal characteristics, and 49 address factors influencing residential satisfaction at the household level. These factors were identified through a review of relevant theoretical frameworks and existing empirical studies.The empirical focus of the study is Towhid City, located in the city of Sabzevar. The land preparation plan for Towhid City comprises five distinct development projects: Phase One (219 hectares), Phase Two (100.7 hectares), Type 47 Salman (45.51 hectares), Sajjad City (90 hectares), and Mehr Housing (50 hectares). Although precise population statistics for Towhid City are not available, estimates derived from the 2011 and 2016 national censuses suggest a population of approximately 18,027. Population projections for 2024 indicate that Block 2 will accommodate approximately 3,227 residents, Block 7 around 3,539 residents, and the Mehr Housing area about 2,536 residents. Within Phase One, which consists of seven blocks, Blocks 1 and 2 exhibit lower land and housing values, whereas Blocks 5, 6, and 7 are characterized by higher values. The selection of these areas was influenced by variations in the social and economic backgrounds of residents, while also accounting for differences in housing form, specifically the presence of apartment-style units in the Mehr Housing area compared to villa-type units in the other blocks. Results and DiscussionThe assessment of residential satisfaction indicated that all three neighborhoods achieved scores above the average level; however, notable differences were observed among them. Among the three cases, the Mehr Housing project exhibited the lowest levels of residential satisfaction, along with the greatest degree of variability. Overall, homeowners reported higher levels of residential satisfaction than renters; additionally, in Block 7, married residents expressed greater satisfaction than single individuals. In contrast, single residents in the Mehr Housing area and Block 2 reported higher levels of satisfaction than their married counterparts.The study employed exploratory factor analysis to identify the underlying factors influencing residential satisfaction across the three neighborhoods in Towhid City. In total, 21 distinct factors were identified; specifically, 13 factors were extracted from 49 items in Block 2, 14 factors in Block 7, and 14 factors in the Mehr Housing neighborhood. Collectively, these factors explained a substantial proportion of the variance in residential satisfaction, accounting for 71.54% in Block 2, 69.83% in Block 7, and 73.41% in the Mehr Housing area, with an average explanatory power of approximately 72%. Notably, social capital emerged as the most influential determinant of residential satisfaction across all neighborhoods. In Block 7, social capital was further differentiated into two components, namely social networks and social trust. In Block 2, the most influential factors included social capital, sense of security, and place attachment. In Block 7, the primary determinants were social trust, housing quality, and social networks, whereas in the Mehr Housing area, the dominant factors included social capital, place attachment, and environmental readability. These leading factors accounted for approximately 28%, 25%, and 27% of the variance in residential satisfaction within their respective neighborhoods.The findings distinguish between subjective and objective determinants of residential satisfaction, indicating that subjective factors exert a stronger influence in Blocks 2 and 7. In contrast, the Mehr Housing neighborhood exhibits a greater reliance on objective determinants, with 39.60% of residential satisfaction attributed to objective factors, compared to 33.81% associated with subjective factors. Residents living in lower-density areas with a higher proportion of villa-type units reported higher levels of residential satisfaction than those residing in Mehr Housing apartment complexes. The relatively lower level of satisfaction in the Mehr Housing area is not solely attributable to higher residential density but is also influenced by the design quality and construction conditions of the apartment units.These findings suggest that further research on different apartment typologies and their construction quality is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of how housing design influences residential satisfaction. As urban land and housing costs continue to increase, alongside the economic pressures experienced by many middle-class households, concerns are growing that the shift toward denser housing forms and apartment complexes will continue. This underscores the need for a more nuanced understanding of how such factors shape residential satisfaction, particularly as municipalities and housing developers increasingly prioritize high-density living environments. ConclusionThis study examined how housing patterns influence residential satisfaction by comparing neighborhood satisfaction in apartment-based developments (Mehr Housing) with villa-type neighborhoods (Blocks 2 and 7). Although all neighborhoods recorded satisfaction levels above the midpoint, residents in the Mehr Housing area reported lower levels of residential satisfaction than those living in villa-type neighborhoods. The analysis identified 21 distinct factors influencing residential satisfaction; while several of these factors were common across neighborhoods, others varied according to local context. Social capital emerged as the most significant shared determinant of residential satisfaction across all neighborhoods. In villa-type neighborhoods, subjective factors exerted a stronger influence on residential satisfaction, whereas objective factors were more influential in the Mehr Housing area. The findings highlight the need for in-depth qualitative research to better understand and enhance living conditions in existing neighborhoods. Furthermore, the study recommends that future residential developments give greater consideration to social dimensions alongside physical attributes in order to foster more satisfactory living environments. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Seyed Hadi Hosseini (Introduction, data collection, data analysis, discussion and conclusion), Mohammad Salmani Moghadam (Introduction and data collection), Salman Tatar (Data collection). Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_245213.html A B S T R A C TOne of the influential factors in the development of tourism and attracting tourists is having favorable climatic conditions and knowing the appropriate times for climatic comfort to select that area as a tourist destination. The aim of this research is to examine the climatic comfort of tourism in the protected areas of Zav Alef and B, Loveh, and Jahan Nama using the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) over a thirty-year study period (1992-2022). The calculation of the index was performed using climatic data obtained from the synoptic stations located in Gorleston Province. After analyzing the data and preparing a climatic comfort map for all months of the year using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method in environment of ArcGIS Software. the area was zoned. The results showed that in Golestan Province, spring, summer, and autumn (October) conditions are more suitable for tourism compared to winter. Furthermore, the Zav Alef protected area demonstrates good and very good climatic comfort levels in spring, very good levels in summer, and good levels in autumn.. Zav B and Loveh regions, due to their close geographical proximity, also have favorable conditions for tourists in spring, summer, and autumn. Jahan Nama protected area has good conditions for tourism in spring, summer, and autumn. Based on the results, overall, winter does not provide very suitable climatic comfort conditions for tourism in these areas. The findings of this research can assist tourism policymakers and protected area managers in providing essential infrastructure and facilities to develop nature-based and ecotourism.Extended AbstractIntroductionNowadays, the tourism industry, as a dynamic and comprehensive sector, encompasses various elements of a society and global systems. It is acknowledged as both a social and geographical issue within the global context and serves as a critical driver for economic growth and development, significantly contributing to sustainable progress in diverse communities. Among the numerous regions recognized as tourist destinations, protected areas are particularly notable for their high tourism potential. While climate is a substantial factor influencing tourism, it does not function as the exclusive contributing factor. Accessibility, available facilities, and economic and cultural conditions also play essential roles. But climate is one of the most important factors influencing the tourism destination; it is not only a thermal and physical factor but also affects the formation of plant communities and animal habitats. Additionally, as a geographical factor, it provides environmental conditions for tourists to stay at the destination. Therefore, climate change can potentially lead to the destruction and deterioration of natural habitats and biodiversity, resulting in decreased attractiveness of the area for tourists, reduced tourist demand, and generally negative impacts on tourism. The relationship between climate change and tourism has attracted increasing scholarly attention since the late 1990s. The repercussions of climate change, including recent droughts and floods, have adversely affected various tourism sectors, especially natural tourism, posing serious challenges to the industry's development and sustainability. According to Eurobarometer, 50% of European citizens make decisions regarding the re-visit of tourist destinations based on weather conditions, which can significantly influence the quality of the tourist experience. Furthermore, weather plays a vital role in determining infrastructure and operational costs. Consequently, it is essential to understand local weather conditions and their trends throughout the year, not only for formulating strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change but also for fostering tourism development.Considering ongoing climate change, the influence of global warming on temperature trends, and the significance of tourism for areas with tourist attractions, zoning the climatic comfort of resort areas - particularly protected areas - is essential. This approach supports policy development for tourist attraction and enables proactive measures to mitigate the effects of climate change on tourism quality. In this research, the tourist climate comfort index of selected protected areas including Jahannama, Loveh, Zav A and Zav B in Golestan province has been studied given the natural features and attractions of the protected areas and their status in the tourism industry as well as the climate diversity of Golestan province. These areas are located in different geographical locations due to their unique natural tourism characteristics. Investigating the tourism climatic comfort of these areas can reveal their climatic distribution and variability, as well as identify the presence and spatial extent of ideal and very good conditions.MethodologyIn this research, an index called tourism climate index (TCI) including seven different climate variables was used to introduce the effect of climate on tourism. In numerous studies, this index has been utilized to investigate the impact of weather on tourism destinations.The Tourism Climate Index (TCI) is the most widely used tool in studies of tourism weather conditions, as it accounts for the primary climatic aspects - namely thermal comfort, physical factors, and aesthetic considerations - and incorporates seven climatic variables, thereby yielding more accurate results. This index is calculated as a combination of seven monthly weather variables including: 1- Daily maximum air temperature, 2- Daily minimum air temperature, 3- Daily minimum relative humidity, 4- Average daily relative humidity, 5- Rainfall, 6- Daily radiation, and 7- Average wind speed. The monthly TCI index was calculated in three steps: 1- collecting statistical data from synoptic stations, 2- analyzing and processing the data in Excel environment and creating a database, 3- preparing a climate comfort map using ArcGIS software. Based on the type of tourism activity, rainfall can have both positive and negative effects. Sunny hours can also have both positive and negative effects on tourism depending on the type of activity. This sub-indicator is evaluated as positive for tourism but can be considered negative due to the risk of sunburn and discomfort during hot days. The effect of wind speed depends on air temperature, with a negative effect in cold weather conditions and a positive effect in hot weather conditions. Variables used in the daily comfort sub-index include the maximum daily temperature and the average minimum daily relative humidity. This sub-index indicates thermal comfort conditions during peak tourism activity. Variables in the 24-hour comfort sub-index include the average daily temperature and the average daily relative humidity. This sub-index reflects thermal comfort conditions throughout the entire day and night.Based on conducted research in this field, as well as the recommendation of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which has suggested a time period of at least twenty years, it seems that a 30-year climate scale is sufficient to determine climate change and TCI values. Given the study's objectives, and considering that synoptic stations yield more accurate results than standard meteorological stations - and that most synoptic stations in Golestan Province were established during the 1980s and 1990s - only stations with thirty years of overlapping statistical data (Hashemabad, Gorgan, Maraveh Tepe, and Gonbad Kavus) and the shortest distances to the selected protected areas were included. The World Meteorological Organization uses 30-year periods to calculate climate normal. These periods are considered a basis of comparison for analyzing climate trends and identifying long-term changes. The CID and CIA sub-indices use the same temperature and relative humidity data sets. From this data set, the maximum daily temperature and the minimum daily relative humidity were calculated to determine the CID sub-index. On the other hand, CIA sub-index is calculated from average daily temperature and average daily relative humidity. According to the functional form of CID and CIA, since both are indicators of thermal comfort and it is a complex psychological parameter, psychometric chart should be employed to rank their values. This research adopts the thermal comfort rating system proposed by Mieczkowski. The weather parameters employed were obtained from synoptic stations on a daily basis from the meteorological organization of Golestan province. Thus, 40 data points were initially selected for further accuracy from the thermal comfort rating chart at the intersection of relative humidity and air temperature, which were selected for temperatures between -5 and 35 degrees Celsius and relative humidity between 20 and 100%. Temperatures outside this range and relative humidity below 20% are not common in the study area. It is worth noting that the functional form for calculating both CIA and CID indices is the same, and the final output value of each specific index uses only input temperature and relative humidity data. After creating a regression and placing the values of temperature and average relative humidity in the created regression, the rank of each of the CID and CIA sub-indices was calculated for each station in Excel software. Accordingly, the value of the desired weather parameters was inserted into the main equation to obtain the TCI value for all days of each year and each station. After that, the average TCI for all months of each year was calculated in Excel software. Subsequently creating the descriptive information layer for each of the stations and applying the value obtained from the TCI index in the descriptive information table of each station in ArcGIS software, the shape file of the studied stations was created and UTM coordinate system was applied to them using the Project command. Then, with the interpolation method and the IDW command, the tourism climate index values were applied to the studied area with a cell size of 500. Therefore, according to the numerical range of TCI for each month, it was divided into different classes from low to ideal, and finally, the monthly map of TCI index was drawn for all months of the year. The TCI index takes values from 0 to 100.Results and discussionDifferent ecosystem services are not independent; there is exchange and synergy between them. That is, an increase or decrease in a specific service leads to a response from another. It is expected that the effect of climate change on tourism, as one of the cultural ecosystem services, will cause differences in other ecosystem services and consequently affect the relationships between various ecosystem services (Deng et al., 2021). Climate also plays an important role in regulating ecosystem conditions, and as mentioned, its changes impact tourism activities .Based on the results obtained due to the climatic diversity in Golestan province, different classes of tourism climate from unfavorable to very good can be seen in the numerical range between 30-79 according to the classification of TCI index in the province. Throughout the spring season, most of the eastern and western areas of the province (Marawa Tepe and Hashimabad stations of Gorgan) are in good and very good categories in terms of tourism climate. Accordingly, during the summer season, the western part of the province has a good comfortable condition and the eastern part of the province is good and very good, providing more ideal climatic conditions for tourism in the study areas. In the autumn season, only a small part of the east of the province has good conditions, also a small part has an acceptable and good condition for tourism, and other areas stand in a low level. During the winter season, a small part of the east of the province and a small part of the west in Hashimabad station of Gorgan have an acceptable climate for tourism. The results indicate that, on the whole, favorable to excellent climatic conditions can be anticipated during the spring and summer, particularly in the eastern and western regions of the province.ConclusionIt can be said that the protected area of Zav A has good and very good conditions during spring (May and June), very good conditions during summer (July and August), and good climatic conditions in autumn (October). Jahannama protected area also has good comfort conditions in spring (June), summer (July, August and September), and autumn (October). Tourism Zav B and Loveh regions have good climatic comfort conditions during the summer (July and August) and autumn (October) seasons. In the winter season, the climatic comfort conditions are not very suitable for tourism (except for recreational services such as playing in the snow). According to the results, Marave Tepe station and protected areas that are affected by the climate of this region, their climate conditions are good and very good for tourism compared to other stations. According to the study review, If temperature increases resulting from greenhouse gas emissions and climate-related changes - such as shifts in temperature and precipitation - lead to the degradation of Hyrcanian forests, then the protected areas of Zav A, Zav B, and Loveh will experience a decline in climatic conditions for tourism, shifting from very good to low or unfavorable levels due to the adverse effects of climate change. Therefore, the results of this research will help to prevent and deal with future temperature changes and maintain the stability of tourism climate conditions in the province. It can also assist protected area managers and tourism policymakers by offering the essential infrastructure and facilities required for the development of nature-based tourism.FundingThis study was funded by the student research fund of Ms. Hadith Zaheri. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_246111.html A B S T R A C T The primary objective is to investigate and analyze the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on enhancing environmental responsibility among villagers in Meshgin Shahr County. In terms of purpose, this study is classified as developmental; in terms of nature, it is descriptive-survey and analytical. The statistical population comprises all villages within Meshgin Shahr County that possess rural ICT offices. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data collection was conducted through both documentary research (secondary data) and survey methods (primary data). In the survey phase, questionnaires and interviews served as the primary research instruments. To ensure instrument validity, face validity was established through expert panel review. Instrument reliability was subsequently assessed via a pilot study (n=30) conducted in a comparable geographic area. Internal consistency, measured by Cronbach’s alpha in SPSS, yielded coefficients ranging from 0.78 to 0.88 across all scales. Finally, t-tests were utilized to evaluate the significance of relationships between the variables. The results demonstrate a significant correlation between ICT utilization and the majority of the examined variables. However, no significant relationship was observed regarding waste collection, the adoption of green technologies, or the acceptance of sustainability-oriented smart agricultural extension. Concluding the study, several practical recommendations are proposed to enhance rural environmental policy. Extended Abstract Introduction Environmental responsibility constitutes a fundamental component of the broader concept of bio-ethics and environmental behavior. It underscores the intrinsic value of nature and the necessity of sustainable living in harmony with the environment - a prerequisite for mutual respect not only among humans but across all living beings. Given the escalating global concern regarding the environmental crisis, the strategic utilization of modern Information and Communication Technologies represents a primary hope for decelerating, or potentially mitigating, this ecological decline. Indeed, modern ICTs are increasingly regarded as a viable solution for bolstering environmental protection and reducing the adverse impacts imposed on the ecosystem by human activities. The objective of this research is to examine the causal links between Information and Communication Technology and the enhancement of environmental responsibility from the perspective of villagers in Meshgin Shahr County. Consequently, following research question will be addressed: Is there a statistically significant relationship between Information and Communication Technology and the promotion of environmental responsibility among the villagers of Meshgin Shahr County? Ultimately, the author’s field investigations and studies within the rural districts of Meshgin Shahr County indicate that the environmental condition of these areas is by no means favorable. Biodiversity in the county's rural regions is experiencing a sharp decline, and significant challenges persist regarding the optimal utilization of energy. Furthermore, rural residents lack adequate training concerning the rational and prudent use of energy and natural resources. Environmental pollution has reached its zenith, and resources are not being managed sustainably. Within the study area, soil erosion occurs at an alarming rate, yet both the government and the rural community exhibit a lack of sensitivity toward soil degradation and the destruction of foundational natural resources. No substantive measures are being taken by the state to enhance the environmental knowledge, skills, or attitudes of the rural populace; however, this does not imply a total absence of indigenous environmental knowledge among the villagers. There is a distinct lack of concern regarding the instruction of modern environmental rules and regulations to rural inhabitants. Furthermore, indigenous knowledge has failed to regain its rightful status, and its significance remains largely unrecognized. It is imperative, therefore, that policymakers acknowledge the importance of indigenous knowledge and strive to promote its integration into broader environmental strategies. Sanitary waste and sewage disposal are fundamentally neglected; fundamentally, the production patterns adopted in the rural areas of Meshgin Shahr County are incompatible with sustainability principles. The cultivation of crops lacking ecological synergy with the local ecosystem persists. Furthermore, much like urban centers, rural residents have transitioned toward consumerism - a trend that stands in direct opposition to the philosophy of sustainability. Non-biodegradable waste is ubiquitously visible throughout the study area. In the conflict between production intensification and ecological preservation, priority is consistently given to increasing output. This trajectory is further exacerbated by rural poverty; in the pursuit of basic survival, individuals often bypass environmental ethics and spiritual considerations. In the contemporary era, insufficient attention is paid to the degree of ecological compatibility inherent in the technologies being deployed. As spiritual and intrinsic values are progressively marginalized in favor of materialist pursuits, environmental crises are inevitably exacerbated. It is, therefore, imperative that rural development authorities prioritize the moral and ethical virtues of rural communities as a strategic means to mitigate ecological degradation. Ultimately, it is evident that these environmental challenges are largely attributable to the erosion of environmental responsibility within rural areas. Methodology The main objective of study is to investigate and analyze the impacts of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on environmental responsibility within Meshgin Shahr County. In terms of purpose, this study is classified as developmental; in terms of nature, it is descriptive-survey and analytical. The statistical population comprises all villages within Meshgin Shahr County that possess rural ICT offices. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data collection was conducted through both documentary research (secondary data) and survey methods (primary data). In the survey phase, questionnaires and interviews served as the primary research instruments. To ensure instrument validity, face validity was established through expert panel review. Instrument reliability was subsequently assessed via a pilot study (n=30) conducted in a comparable geographic area. Internal consistency, measured by Cronbach’s alpha in SPSS, yielded coefficients ranging from 0.78 to 0.88 across all scales. Finally, t-tests were utilized to evaluate the significance of relationships between the variables. Results and Discussion The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference (at the 1% error level) between rural residents with and without access to Information and Communication Technology regarding indices of optimal energy utilization, ecosystem quality improvement, the practice of burning agricultural land post-harvest, the inclination to transfer indigenous knowledge, and non-consumerist behavior. Furthermore, significant disparities were observed in the promotion of sustainable agriculture, sustainable resource management, sensitivity toward soil erosion, the adoption of sustainable production patterns, commitment to enhancing environmental knowledge and attitudes, and the prevention of environmental pollution. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was observed at the 5% error level between rural residents with and without ICT access regarding indices of raising environmental awareness, preventing resource depletion, commitment to learning new environmental regulations, and the inclination toward a simplified lifestyle. These findings are consistent with the studies conducted by Ahmadzadeh et al. (2024) and Rabbani and Mirzaei (2024). Conversely, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the use of local varieties, adherence to crop rotation, waste collection, commitment to sanitary waste disposal, cultivation of ecosystem-compatible crops, utilization of eco-friendly technology, and the adoption of sustainability-based smart agricultural extension. Upon a meticulous examination of the current research findings regarding the impacts of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on optimal energy utilization, the author contends that ICT exerts two counter-directional effects. First, ICT can facilitate a reduction in energy consumption levels through innovation, specifically, by replacing obsolete technologies with modern, energy-efficient alternatives. The first phenomenon is defined as the "Substitution Effect," which arises from structural shifts within industries. This effect enhances production efficiency and, consequently, reduces energy consumption. Conversely, the second phenomenon stems from the fact that ICT infrastructure requires electricity to operate; thus, the installation and deployment of these new technologies inherently increase energy demand. This latter phenomenon is known as the "Rebound Effect" (or Compensation Effect). As ICT fosters economic growth and increases national income, it leads to the heightened utilization of electronic equipment, ultimately driving up aggregate electricity demand and consumption. Furthermore, regarding the statistically significant relationship between ICT and the cessation of post-harvest crop residue burning, it is noteworthy that access to modern information technologies enables rural residents to comprehend the deleterious consequences of this practice. These include soil acidification, the destruction of essential soil microorganisms, and the depletion of organic matter. Additionally, concerning the significant correlation between ICT and non-consumerist behavior, these technologies enhance the cognitive and epistemic capacities of the villagers. This leads to the critical realization that intensive consumerism and the abandonment of simplified lifestyles are primary drivers of environmental degradation. Excessive consumption results in the over-exploitation of natural resources and subsequently impedes the achievement of sustainable development through increased greenhouse gas emissions and related ecological pressures. On the other hand, regarding the nexus between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the promotion of sustainable agriculture, it should be noted that these technologies empower farmers by providing access to up-to-date and precise information. This includes critical data on diverse agricultural domains, such as meteorological conditions, market fluctuations in crop prices, cultivation and maintenance techniques, and integrated pest and disease management. Online platforms, instructional videos, and other ICT tools serve as vital educational and extension instruments for transferring modern knowledge and practical experience to farmers. Furthermore, regarding the nexus between ICT and sustainable resource management, these technologies play a pivotal role by enhancing efficiency, increasing transparency, and streamlining operational processes. Through smart resource management and optimized decision-making, ICT facilitates significant improvements in water and energy conservation, waste management, and sustainable logistics. In summary, by providing innovative tools and solutions, ICT serves as a cornerstone for achieving sustainable resource management, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of societies and the preservation of the environment. Furthermore, regarding the nexus between ICT and sensitivity toward soil erosion, it should be noted that Information and Communication Technology can play a vital role in the management and mitigation of soil degradation. By leveraging ICT, soil erosion processes can be more precisely identified, modeled, and monitored. Consequently, this enables the formulation of optimized soil conservation strategies, ultimately facilitating the achievement of sustainable development. Conclusion This study initially explored the underlying justification for this research and the imperative for conducting it within the current temporal context. Following the formulation of the research question, the study engaged with the existing body of literature, conducting a thorough investigation of various scholarly perspectives. Particular attention was directed toward several foundational theories - namely Interactionism, Environmental Uncertainty, Instrumentalism, and Self-Regulation - which place the nexus between the study variables under close scrutiny and strive to elucidate their interrelationship. Collectively, these theories are predicated on the principle that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) foster environmental responsibility primarily through the lens of human development. In essence, when individuals possess the requisite knowledge, attitudes, and skills, they develop a profound sense of accountability toward themselves, others, the Divine, existence, and the environment. It is the development-oriented individual who, empowered by modern technology, facilitates the strengthening of environmental stewardship. Such individuals are characterized by a belief in collective discipline, active participation in the decision-making and planning of rural development programs, and a commitment to collaboration and tolerance. Furthermore, they imbue work with a sense of sanctity, possess a drive for progress, adhere to a scientific worldview, value human equality, and uphold the principles of teamwork and positive individualism. Following the review of the explanatory theories for the two variables, the study examined prior empirical research in this field. Consequently, a conceptual model was synthesized from the theoretical foundations and subsequently illustrated. Transitioning into the methodology section, the research design, indicator selection, and population sampling were established. The study then proceeded to the data analysis phase, utilizing both descriptive and inferential statistics. Specifically, an Independent Samples t-test was employed to elucidate the relationship between the research variables. The findings demonstrate that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a fundamental role in enhancing the social responsibility of rural inhabitants. Driven by this sense of responsibility, villagers optimize energy consumption, strive to restore ecosystem quality, and abandon the practice of post-harvest field burning. Furthermore, in the conflict between needs and wants, they prioritize essential needs over superficial desires, value and acknowledge the significance of indigenous knowledge, and demonstrate heightened sensitivity toward the degradation of primary natural resources and soil erosion. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_246216.html A B S T R A C TIn the last three decades, a major surge in the implementation of dam projects, excessive groundwater extraction, and excessive cultivation have disrupted the hydrological balance and, in general, the natural balance in the Qara Qeshlaq wetland and region. In this study, the water and soil characteristics as well as the climate of Qara Qeshlaq were examined using field, laboratory, and report data. To achieve the goal of the study and to investigate the environmental changes occurring in the Qara Qeshlaq wetland, statistics and information related to wells around the wetland were obtained from relevant organizations and examined. To fill the gap in some data, including the chemical quality of water and soil, 9 more wells were drilled (due to lack of information) and the samples were tested and their EC, SAR, and Ph values were determined. The results of chemical analysis of some water quality parameters of the wells in the study area showed that all the wells are in the bad category in terms of water quality and the EC fluctuations in the samples were high, and in one of the samples this rate was more than 170. Studies also showed that the soils sampled in the study area are dominated by fine-textured and saline soils. A more detailed study of the vegetation cover of the salt marshes in this area showed that due to the drying of the wetland due to human interference, saline vegetation has replaced the previous vegetation.Extended AbstractIntroductionIn recent decades, the human role in environmental disturbances is much more prominent than natural changes over time. Due to the sensitivity of wetlands near the internal lake to rapid changes, wetlands have experienced the most disturbances in decades. The Qara Qeshlaq wetland is among the ecosystems that have sustained the most significant damage and undergone substantial anthropogenic changes. This wetland, recognized as an international forest under the Ramsar Convention, is the largest in Iran and hosts over 185 species of wild birds. Qara Qeshlaq Lagoon is located in the south of Urmia Lake National Park covers an area of 48 thousand hectares between Sofichai River in Bonab and Zarinee Rood in Miandoab. In terms of ecological features and the existence of very suitable habitats, the Qara Qeshlaq Lagoon is ecologically significant, particularly at the mouths of the Zarinee Rood and Sufi Chai rivers, adjacent to the lake, and at the confluence of Urmia Lake’s saline waters with the fresh waters of these rivers. The existence of vast lands and swampy plains and the existence of salt-loving meadows and natural aquatic plants resistant to salt water, as well as the agricultural land of the villages around the region, in turn, is a very suitable habitat.The Qara Qeshlaq Wetland is considered, a sensitive ecosystem in the northwest, has suffered the most damage in the last three decades and experienced the most severe anthropogenic changes. Recently, changes in Lake Urmia and in land use around the lagoon have led to major changes in this lagoon. As Lake Urmia has continued to dry up over the past decade (due to natural and human factors), a large number of freshwater and brackish satellite lagoons around this lake have also faced drying up. Unfortunately, they have been damaged due to the implementation of infrastructure projects, land use changes, pollution and reduced water inflows. These problems have threatened the biodiversity of this wetland complex, which was of international importance, and the conditions of the villages and towns surrounding the lake and its satellite wetlands have faced serious problems This study investigates how anthropogenic changes contributing to the various effects of anthropogenic changes regarding the drying of the Qara Qeshlaq wetland, its characteristics of the soil and water around the wetland, and the region's susceptibility to the creation of dust centers. MethodologyThis study examines the different aspects of underground water due to its significant role in changing the conditions of underground water in the occurrence of changes in the conditions of soil and vegetation. Underground water is extracted without electricity, and inquiries have been made to the regional water companies of East Azarbaijan and the province’s electricity distribution regarding this practice. This statistic shows the number of 25990 registered wells in total, whose coordinates are also recorded in the UTM image system. To prepare a classified map of the drop in the underground water level, the position of the piezometric wells and the amount of decrease in the underground water level in the form of a shape file Converted in ArcGIS software.The weights and points considered for the ranking of the drop in the underground water level by the Natural breaks method are divided into five parts based on the value of the pixels. Piezometric well data in the studied area in the time period (1390-1400) has been used to check the underground water level. In this research, to check the chemical quality of water, and due to the lack of information, about nine wells were drilled in the area and their water samples were tested. In addition, in order to examine the chemical quality of underground water in the area, nine wells were constructed around the villages of Qara Qeshlaq and Majid Abad and samples were collected. Results and DiscussionBased on the results of chemical analysis of some water quality parameters of wells in the study area, the EC level in all wells is in the bad category in terms of quality. The highest value is related to well number 3 of Majid Abad village at the rate of 132.9 ds/m Siemens per meter. The lowest amount with EC of 5.4 Deci Siemens per meter belongs to well number 4 of Majid Abad. In terms of SAR values, the water of wells 1, 4 and 5 of Majid Abad is in the category of good quality water. The water of wells in the south, west and middle of the village Qara Qeshlaq is in the average category and the rest of the water samples classified in the bad category. Examination of the electrical conductivity (EC) in samples from the study area reveals fluctuations indicating the presence of soils ranging from low salinity to highly saline. This amount is more than 170 in one of the samples. Design map from the collected samples and the distribution of the EC value in the study area reveals that almost the entire area is covered by saline soils. The amount of EC increases as we move towards the northwest. The spatial extent of these soils is considerable in the study area.Acidic soils are widespread in the central (around the Qara Qeshlaq wetland) and northern regions. In these soils, the solubility of aluminum, iron, and manganese increases. These compounds can be poisonous to plants in high concentration. High soil acidity can absorb other elements. It disrupts minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, etc. in the soil. The growth of plants decreases or stops at a pH of more than 9. Only salt-loving plants can grow at a high pH. Examining the graphs of the samples taken from the region indicates that the amount of organic carbon in the soils of the area is less than 5. It means that the soils are of low quality according to this index. ConclusionAccording to the values obtained from the analysis of the salinity indices indicating that the pH level in the collected samples is often more than 7, and therefore most of the soils in the investigated area are game. In other words, such soils are only suitable for the growth of saline-loving plants. Examining the scatter map of pH distribution at the regional level also showed that the extent of acidic soils is greater in the central (around Qara Qeshlaq wetland) and northern areas. This has caused saline-loving plants to settle in the investigated area. The density of vegetation should be reduced to a significant amount and fine-textured soils will be more exposed to wind erosion. The findings suggest that restoring Qara Qeshlaq wetland to its former state is unlikely given the prevailing conditions. Nevertheless, implementing strategies focused on soil stabilization and vegetation development can help control dust emission to a certain degree. A study of the pH distribution map across the region also exhibited that the extent of acidic soils is greater in the central (around the Qara Qeshlaq Wetland) and northern areas. This has caused halophilic plants to settle in the studied area, significantly reducing the density of vegetation, and making fine-textured soils more susceptible to wind erosion. According to the results, given the prevailing conditions in the Qara Qeshlaq wetland, substantial restoration efforts are unlikely to succeed, However, implementing measures for soil stabilization and vegetation development can help mitigate the flow of fine dust to some extent.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_243130.html A B S T R A C TSolar energy has been considered as a reliable solution for generating electricity necessary for human life. The inherent advantages of solar energy, including its universal accessibility without initial financial outlay, extended operational lifespan, and inherent usability, render grid infrastructure and associated costly components (e.g., transformers) redundant. Furthermore, its facile installation, rapid transportability, and suitability for deployment in proximity to end-users, as well as its application in mobile systems and provision of power to remote off-grid locations, collectively underscore its inevitable adoption. To conduct this research, images from the year 2024 of the Landsat 8 satellite, OLI and TIRS sensors, and the SEBAL algorithm were used. ENVI software was employed for geometric, atmospheric, and radiometric corrections of satellite images and for executing calculations related to the SEBAL model. Furthermore, ArcGIS software was used to create a database, spatial analyses, cartographic operations, and finally the implementation of the model. The results indicate that the average maximum incoming shortwave radiation was 846 watts/m2 in August and the lowest was 313 watts/m2 in February. It is concluded that solar radiation consistently reaching up to 1000 W/m². Therefore, solar radiation in the villages of Chalous County has the necessary potential for implementing solar photovoltaic projects.Extended AbstractIntroductionDespite the paramount importance of solar radiation, its measurement is limited, and this deficiency is not only evident in developing countries but also in developed countries. The measurement of temporal and spatial variations in solar radiation is carried out by a network of meteorological stations equipped with pyranometers. The equipment for measuring this meteorological parameter is expensive and requires special techniques. In addition, the relevant devices, due to their sensitivity, require a lot of care and must be calibrated regularly. Most meteorological stations in Iran and the world lack this equipment, and there are many statistical gaps in the statistics and information available for such stations. Therefore, given the small number of stations with radiometric instruments in the country and the existence of statistical gaps in radiometric stations, the data available for studies of spatial and temporal changes in radiation reaching the Earth are limited and have low accuracy due to the dispersion of measurement networks, and it is necessary to conduct and continue studies on this issue. The use of satellite data provides studies on a large scale and reduces costs and prevents waste of time. It also reduces the adverse effects of projects on the environment and paves the way for achieving sustainable environmental development and dynamic agriculture. Given the importance of solar radiation as a clean, accessible and free from any harmful environmental pollution, identifying its emission areas is essential and necessary for introduction to the relevant authorities. In this research, the feasibility of using solar energy in the Chalous County region using the SEBAL algorithm and remote sensing technology. Given the importance of using solar radiation energy, numerous studies have been conducted in the realm of scientific literature throughout the world and in Iran. According to scientific estimates, about 6000 million years have passed since the birth of this ball of luminescence, and every second, 2.4 million tons of the mass of the Sun is converted into energy. Therefore, considering the weight of the Sun, which is about 333 thousand times the weight of the Earth, this luminous sphere can be considered as a huge source of energy for the next 5 billion years. Energy is one of the essential factors in economic and social development and improving the quality of life. Due to the high potential of solar energy, this energy can be used in solar heating systems and solar batteries. Knowledge of the radiation reaching the Earth's surface is essential for solar radiation experts, architects, building design engineers for energy efficiency and other applications of solar radiation. Knowledge of the solar radiation reaching the Earth and its geographical distribution is important for measuring spatial changes in hydrological and meteorological processes, biology and other energy applications. Designing solar energy conversion systems and estimating their efficiency at a specific location requires reliable solar data for short time intervals over long periods. MethodologyLandsat satellite images were used in a period for the months of 2023 to investigate and assess the feasibility of utilizing solar radiation energy. ENVI software was employed to conduct geometric, atmospheric, and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as to perform calculations related to the SEBAL model. In addition, ArcGIS software was used to create a database, conduct spatial analyses, perform cartographic operations, and finally implement the model. Subsequently, calculations related to the SEBAL model were performed in the ENVI and ArcGIS software environments, and the amount of net radiation was calculated and analyzed in the study area. It is noticeable that the images available for the months of the year for the study area were totally cloudy, and given that in the SEBAL algorithm, net radiation values are obtained by measuring the incident solar radiation from cloud-free images. It was not possible to use the images of the above-mentioned months. In this study, atmospheric effects were removed as much as possible using the Landsat satellite atmospheric correction function in ENVI software, and finally, radiometric corrections were applied to the images to eliminate any gaps and strips. In the SEBAL algorithm, satellite image data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal bands are used to estimate net radiant energy, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux of evaporation for each pixel in an image. In this method, instantaneous net radiation values are obtained by measuring the incident solar radiation from cloud-free images and using surface albedo, surface emissivity, and surface temperature. Chalus County has been selected as a case study. This county is located in the southern Caspian Sea region with an area of about 1600 square kilometers. In terms of the settlement system in Chalus County, the two northern and central parts are the places where the activity and residential systems are established. So that the northern area is connected to the central part by a road axis. The border separating these areas is dense forest areas and the Alborz mountain range, which has caused a large part of the county to be allocated to forest, pasture and barren areas. The northern part contains about 78 percent of the total population of the province. Special environmental conditions have caused the emergence of special land use in the region. The use of energy as an alternative to fossil fuels, considering its environmental and economic characteristics, is one of the concerns of energy policymakers in the current century. What has intensified the trend of attention to new energies in different countries is the growth of energy consumption and excessive use of fossil energy resources, the problems in the energy supply sector, and the warming of air temperatures caused by greenhouse gases. Results and DiscussionIn this study, Landsat satellite images were used in a period for the months of 2023 to investigate and assess the feasibility of using solar radiation energy. ENVI software was adopted to perform geometric, atmospheric, and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as to carry out calculations related to the SEBAL model, and ArcGIS software was used to create a database, conduct spatial analyses, perform cartographic operations, and finally to implement the model. Subsequently, calculations related to the SEBAL model were performed in the ENVI and ArcGIS software environments, and the amount of net radiation calculated and analyzed in the study area. It should be noted that the images available for the months of the year for the study area were completely cloudy, and given that in the SEBAL algorithm, net radiation values are obtained by measuring the incident solar radiation from cloud-free images, it was not possible to use the images of the above-mentioned months. In this study, atmospheric effects were removed as much as possible using the Landsat satellite atmospheric correction function in ENVI software, and finally, radiometric corrections were applied to the images to eliminate any gaps and strips. In the SEBAL algorithm, satellite image data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal bands are used to estimate net radiant energy, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux of evaporation for each pixel in an image. In this method, instantaneous net radiation values are obtained by measuring the incident solar radiation from cloud-free images and using surface albedo, surface emissivity, and surface temperature. The purpose of solar power is to rely entirely on the sun's radiant energy, which is an inexhaustible and renewable resource. Solar panels are made up of photovoltaic cells that convert the sun's radiant energy into direct current (DC). These cells are usually made of materials such as silicon that have special electrical properties. When sunlight hits the solar cells, the photons of light cause an electrical current to flow through the cells, which is converted into DC. A system in which solar energy is converted into electrical energy without the use of moving or chemical mechanisms is called photovoltaic effect. The element used in this process is called solar cell. These cells were first used as electrical generators in spacecraft about 45 years ago and have been used on Earth for some time now. Solar cells are capable of converting solar radiation energy directly into electricity with an efficiency of 5 to 20 percent. Although photovoltaics are not yet economically viable, in recent years there has been a significant reduction in the costs of operating these systems, and it is expected that the price will continue to fall in the future with further research into the type of photovoltaic cells. These systems are also called solar power. Electricity is generated by using sunlight and solar cells, and by creating an electrical pressure difference in appropriately manufactured semiconductors. ConclusionGlobal solar radiation is considered one of the fundamental structures of any climatic range. Therefore, understanding the characteristics and predicting these fundamental structures have a great impact on energy-related planning. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool has been employed in recent years for estimating solar radiation. In the present study, images were utilized that obtained from the Landsat 8 satellite, OLI and TIRS sensors, and the SEBAL algorithm. The results show that the average maximum incoming shortwave radiation was 769 watts per square meter in September and the lowest value in May was 318 watts per square meter. The inconsistency in the amount of net radiation reaching the Earth in the study area is due to the difference in the angle of the sun's rays and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, solar radiation in the region has the necessary potential for implementing solar photovoltaic projects. Photovoltaic cells that are sensitive and receive solar radiation ranging from the radiation threshold to 1000 watts per square meter. In conclusion, solar radiation in Chalous County and its villages has the necessary potential for implementing solar photovoltaic projects.September shows a significant increase in the radiation power and net radiation compared to previous months. Also, the highest percentage of net radiation distribution in this month is in the range of 700-769 watts per square meter, and the lowest radiation in this month is in the range of 300-352 watts per square meter of net radiation. Chalus County has the highest net radiation distribution temperature in all parts of the county. The reason for this is that even in the lowest radiation power, the figure of 300-352 is very high compared to previous months. Also, the highest percentage of net radiation distribution in September is in the range of 590-641 watts per square meter with a value of 23.40 percent of the total net radiation. Also, the highest percentage of net radiation distribution in June was in the range of 288-296 watts per square meter, with a value of 28.33 percent of the total net radiation. Using satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool for estimating solar radiation has better performance than empirical methods. Therefore, it is suggested that researchers use satellite images and remote sensing methods to study solar radiation instead of temporal analyses of climate data and empirical methods. Investing in solar power generation can be one of the desirable and profitable investments that, in addition to economic benefits, also serves humans and the environment in various ways. Investing in solar power generation can be in the form of purchasing solar equipment and setting up off-grid power plants so that you can supply the electricity you need. Of course, this is not economically justified if you have access to grid electricity. In fact, investing in solar power generation is more common in the form of setting up an off-grid power plant or a home solar power plant. In a way, people who have the conditions to set up this power plant on the roof of their house or another place can set it up and sell their generated electricity to the grid through a contract with the electricity department. The return on investment in this method was about 4 years in the early years, but now, due to the increasing cost of equipment, it is slightly higher. Of course, it is possible that the return on investment will occur sooner, or that changes will be made to the terms of the guaranteed power purchase agreement, given the new policies that the SATBA organization is implementing.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_246314.html A B S T R A C T Waqf, (Islamic endowment), as one of the enduring institutions in Islamic civilization, has played a significant role in organizing public spaces, providing municipal services, and strengthening neighborhood identity. The present study aims to examine the role of waqf as a spatial pattern in the development of Tehran, drawing on Christopher Alexander’s “A Pattern Language” theory, during the Qajar period (1210–1344 AH / 1795–1925 CE). This theory emphasizes the repeatability and sustainability of spatial patterns. According to this framework, Waqf can be analyzed through recurring urban nodes such as mosques, schools, bazaars, and public baths established as endowments. The research adopts a historical-analytical methodology, combining documentary analysis, library research, and quantitative data. To measure neighborhood development, an “urban development function” was designed, based on indicators such as the number of houses, shops, and bathhouses relative to population size. The study utilizes primary sources from the Qajar era, particularly Waqf deeds and historical maps. Findings indicate a significant positive correlation (over 70%) between the share of Waqf assets and the level of spatial development in the neighborhoods. Statistical and regression analyses, especially in the neighborhoods such as Bazaar, Oudlajan, and Sangalaj, confirm this relationship. The results underscore the necessity of rethinking the role of Waqf in contemporary urban planning and suggest that the institution of Waqf should be redefined in urban policy-making as a sustainable, responsive tool for spatial organization and neighborhood needs. Extended Abstract Introduction Although the history of Tehran city has been examined extensively, the factors that influenced its physical development - particularly Waqf (Islamic endowment) - have received comparatively limited scholarly attention. Waqf, as a socio-religious institution in Islamic societies, has always been a key instrument for providing public services such as mosques, schools, bathhouses, and bazaars. The main question of this research concerns the role of Waqf in shaping the spatial organization of Tehran’s neighborhoods. To analyze this role, a theoretical framework is needed to identify the repetitive spatial and functional patterns of Waqf. Christopher Alexander's “Pattern Language” theory, with its emphasis on the sustainability and repeatability of physical patterns, provides a suitable basis for analyzing Waqf as a spatial-social institution. This study investigates the impact of Waqf on the morphology and spatial expansion of Tehran from the Safavid period to the end of the Qajar era. The primary focus of the research is on the Qajar period (1210–1344 AH) because the availability of statistical sources and comprehensive maps allows for a more precise analysis of the relationship between Waqf and spatial development. During this period, policies such as the construction of the Sepahsalar School and Waqf bazaars by Naser al-Din Shah led to the creation of new socio-economic centers in the neighborhoods. Despite previous studies in the field of Waqf and Tehran's history, they have often focused on descriptive and socio-economic aspects, neglecting the spatial dimension and coherent theoretical analysis. Research in other Islamic cities has indicated that Waqf plays an organizing role in urban spaces, but in studies related to Tehran, examining Waqf as a “repetitive spatial pattern” has been overlooked, and the “Pattern Language” framework has not been used. Therefore, the innovation of this article lies in presenting a theoretical framework that, for the first time, analyzes Waqf in Qajar-era Tehran as a repetitive and modelling spatial pattern and, by designing a quantitative model “Urban Development Function”, quantifies the impact of Waqf on the spatial growth of neighborhoods. Methodology In jurisprudential terms, Waqf refers to the preservation of the principal asset while dedicating its usufruct to a designated purpose. From a legal perspective, Waqf is a unique ownership system that transforms property into public-religious ownership and removes it from the cycle of commerce. From an economic perspective, it was a sustainable financing mechanism for public services in the absence of modern urban institutions. These two specific perspectives turned Waqf into an effective institution in the spatial organization of cities. The permanence of ownership and guaranteed service provision created conditions where endowments became established as repetitive and stable nodes in the urban fabric. Christopher Alexander’s “Pattern Language” theory is a holistic approach to urban design based on the principle that every recurring spatial problem has a recurring solution. Patterns such as social nodes, neighborhood centers, and convergent public spaces play a key role in the spatial organization of cities. Within the framework of Islamic cities, Waqf aligns well with Alexander's “living patterns”. Elements such as mosques, schools, and Waqf bazaars have been repeated numerous times in the urban fabric, acting as nuclei for formation and service provision; For example, complexes like the Marvi Mosque-School or Sepahsalar were patterns for creating “Waqf neighborhood centers” that correspond to Alexander's “Local Town Hall” pattern. Although the Pattern Language theory is based on Western urban experience and does not address institutions like Waqf, in this research, it has been localized through three methods: 1. Redefining endowments as “Waqf nodes” similar to local patterns; 2. Adding the legal-economic dimension of Waqf to the theoretical framework, so that the permanence of ownership and continuity of service are considered part of the logic of pattern repeatability; 3. Using the historical experience of Tehran as an example of “living patterns” adaptable over time. The study adopts a historical-analytical methodology. Data were extracted from endowment documents at the National Library, the collection of endowment deeds by Rezaei (2007), and historical maps such as the map by Najm al-Dowleh (1275 AH). This data included the number of shops, bathhouses, schools, and mosques under Waqf in Tehran's neighborhoods. The data were coded using SPSS software and analyzed with linear regression and Pearson correlation tests. The unit of analysis was Tehran's neighborhoods. The methodological innovation was the designing and utilizing an “Urban Development Function” to quantify the effect of Waqf. This function was defined as f = ax + by + cz, where x, y, and z are the number of houses, shops, and bathhouses, respectively, and the coefficients a, b, and c were calculated based on the ratio of each element to the neighborhood population in the base year (1269 AH). To calculate the share of Waqf, only Waqf buildings were substituted into the function instead of all buildings. The function value for each neighborhood and the entire city was calculated and normalized for the years 1269 and 1317 AH. Then, the difference in the share of Waqf and in development for each neighborhood between these two years were obtained, and their relationship was measured using linear regression. Results and Discussion The initial core of Tehran was a small village whose first urban transformations began in the Safavid period with the actions of Shah Tahmasb. He ordered the construction of walls and fortifications, and the endowments of his sister, Fatemeh Soltan Begum, including a bathhouse, Tekyeh, and school in the Chal-Meydan neighborhood, were among the first significant structures of the city. The oldest existing endowment deeds in Tehran belong to the Safavid period, indicating the early role of Waqf in the physical formation of the city. During the Qajar period, the selection of Tehran as the capital amplified the prominence of Waqf. During the reign of Fath-Ali Shah, alongside population growth, the number of endowments increased. The Marvi endowment complex (Marvi Mosque-School), built in 1231 AH in the west of the Oudlajan neighborhood, was one of the most notable legacies of this period, playing an important role in transferring the center of religious scholarship from Isfahan to Tehran. The reign of Naser al-Din Shah (1264–1313 AH) marked the peak of Waqf's influence on Tehran's spatial development. In this period, 309 endowment deeds were registered. Actions such as the endowment of the Sadr Abad and Kazem Abad Qanats by Agha Khan Nuri for public free use helped develop lands along the Qanat routes. The construction of two Sepahsalar Mosque-Schools (especially by Mirza Mohammad Khan Sepahsalar in 1283 AH) gave prestige to its surrounding area in the Dowlat neighborhood and drew significant buildings such as the National Consultative Assembly. The construction of the Waqf water reservoir of Seyed Esmail in 1261 AH, which was previously a garbage dump and cemetery, led to the formation of the Seyed Esmail bazaar alley and the creation of a religious-economic pole. Other centrality-creating endowments of this period included the Memarbashi, Fathieh, and Khazen al-Molk mosque-schools. The expansion of the city and population growth eventually led to the demolition of the Safavid walls and the construction of the new Nasseri wall in 1284 AH, with a perimeter four times larger. While Waqf practices persisted through the reigns of Mozaffar al-Din Shah, Mohammad Ali Shah, and Ahmad Shah, the Nasseri period represented the zenith of its influence. Important endowments of these later periods included the Charity School for Orphans and the Feylsoof al-Dowleh Mosque-School. The massive Waqf complex of Sepahsalar during Ahmad Shah's reign, with the choice of Baharestan for the parliament, contributed to the formation of a powerful political center. Statistical data from the Dar al-Khalafeh of Tehran in the years 1269 and 1317 AH enabled quantitative comparison. In 1269 AH, Tehran had 78,872 houses, 4,220 shops, 112 mosques, 19 schools, and 153 public bathhouses. By 1317 AH, the population increased from about 126,000 to 244,400, and the number of houses reached 15,275, shops 9,420, and bathhouses 182. Quantitative analysis using the Urban Development Function and linear regression demonstrated a significant positive relationship between the share of Waqf and the level of spatial development of neighborhoods. The regression model explains approximately 70% (coefficient of determination R² ≈ 0.71) of the variation in neighborhood development with the variable of Waqf share. Neighborhoods with a higher density of Waqf nodes (such as the Bazaar and Oudlajan) had a higher level of spatial development. For example, in the Bazaar neighborhood in 1269 AH, the existence of 151 Waqf shops, 8 caravanserais, and 4 Waqf bathhouses had created a dense network of socio-economic functions. A key finding showed that neighborhoods with faster growth owed a larger share of their development to Waqf. The findings confirm the hypothesis of Waqf as a spatial development factor. By creating stable service nodes (mosque, school, bazaar, bathhouse), Waqf shaped the social and physical organizational core of neighborhoods and guided development around itself. In a critical analysis, the Pattern Language theory was compared with two competing approaches: 1. Urban Network Theory: Emphasizes the dynamic interaction and flows between functional nodes and sees Waqf as a node within a network. This theory focuses more on interactions than on fixed physical form. 2. Institutional Economics Theory: Views Waqf as a legal-economic institution that facilitates development by reducing transaction costs and increasing trust. This perspective emphasizes institutional and motivational functions. The Pattern Language theory, by concentration on repeatable spatial templates, has limitations in fully explaining the institutional and network dimensions of development. Therefore, for a more comprehensive understanding of Waqf's role, integrating it with network and institutional theories in future studies is suggested. Conclusion The results indicate that there was a significant positive relationship between the volume and distribution of endowments and the level of spatial development in Tehran’s neighborhoods during the Qajar period. Waqf, by acting as a repetitive and stable spatial pattern, not only provided public services but also played a key role in shaping the urban structure, creating focal nodes, and strengthening neighborhood identity. Neighborhoods with a higher density of endowments enjoyed better spatial organization and access to services. On a practical level, the findings indicate the potential of the Waqf model for contemporary urban policy-making towards sustainable development and spatial balance. Following measures should be considered including creating Waqf service spaces in underprivileged neighborhoods, reviving abandoned endowments, formulating facilitating regulations, and incorporating the role of Waqf into urban planning analyses. This requires specific institutional cooperation, particularly between the municipality and the Endowment Organization. This study is restricted to the time frame of 1269-1317 AH in Tehran and relies on available historical data, not covering all socio-cultural dimensions of development. Generalizing the results to other historical cities in Iran and the Islamic world requires more case studies. It is suggested that forthcoming studies undertake comparative analysis of Waqf patterns in cities such as Isfahan and Shiraz, and utilize spatial analysis tools (GIS) and complementary theoretical approaches (network and institutional) for a more multidimensional understanding of this influential institution. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_246953.html A B S T R A C T The rapid growth of new cities in Iran, particularly Sahand as one of the most significant satellite cities of the Tabriz metropolitan area, has been accompanied by considerable challenges in service provision, infrastructure development, employment generation, and quality of life, despite population increases and physical expansion. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the urban prosperity approach on the structural organization of the new city of Sahand. The research is applied in purpose, descriptive-analytical in nature, and survey-based in method. The statistical population consists of residents of the new city of Sahand (82,494 individuals). The sample size was determined as 384 participants using the Cochran formula and selected through stratified random sampling. The data collection instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire based on six dimensions of urban prosperity (productivity, infrastructure development, quality of life, environmental sustainability, equity and social inclusion, and urban governance). The validity and reliability of the instrument were assessed as satisfactory. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via SmartPLS. The results indicate that the level of urban prosperity in Sahand is suboptimal. Among the six dimensions, only infrastructure development and environmental sustainability demonstrated significant effects on urban prosperity (critical values of 3.02 and 2.65, respectively). The highest level of realization was attributed to infrastructure development (0.608), while the lowest pertained to productivity (0.266). The findings suggest that the new city of Sahand is in the early stages of urban development and requires substantial strengthening in the dimensions of productivity, quality of life (particularly educational and healthcare services), social equity, and urban governance. Furthermore, the localization of urban prosperity indicators in accordance with the specific conditions of new cities in Iran is deemed essential. Extended Abstract Introduction Urban growth, resulting from global population increases and the growing appeal of cities as places of residence for the majority of people, has led to a pronounced tendency toward urbanization, with the global urban population now reaching approximately 4.4 billion. Concurrently, this remarkable surge in urban population poses serious threats to the ecological resources of cities, potentially leading to the limitation of urban amenities and capacities. Transitioning toward sustainable development necessitates the mobilization of various tools, interests, and forces. Integrating sustainability into both public and private policies—including management practices—remains a challenging and complex endeavor. The urban prosperity initiative represents a novel and fundamental approach for articulating a vision and delineating the pathways for its realization, defined within the overarching paradigm of sustainability and its more specific variant, urban sustainability. This initiative promotes a new model of urbanization on a global scale while remaining adaptable to local conditions, characteristics, and dynamics. It provides a flexible framework for stepwise and hierarchical review and monitoring, grounded in the enhancement of integration and equipped with spatial analysis capabilities. In essence, a prosperous city, through strategic planning and diverse technical approaches, implements urban performance improvement and the realization of a sustainable urban form. Urban prosperity synthesizes the aforementioned approaches into a cohesive framework. The concept of urban prosperity represents an outcome of the movement toward sustainable urban development, introduced by the United Nations to establish an integrated structure for assessing the status of cities worldwide, analyzing challenges, identifying critical issues, and presenting essential priorities based on a scientific framework. Sahand is one of Iran's new cities that has witnessed significant transformations in recent years due to population growth. Furthermore, according to the plans devised for the future of this city—aimed at absorbing the surplus population of Tabriz to facilitate decentralization from this metropolis—and with the implementation of projects such as the National Housing Action Plan, Mehr Housing, and the Family and Youth Population Support Plan, Sahand will soon become the second most populous city in East Azerbaijan Province, after the metropolis of Tabriz. However, the development of the new city of Sahand, if this rapid growth occurs without proper planning and management, will confront the city with challenges including increased service delivery costs, construction on unsuitable lands, environmental pollution, traffic congestion, inadequate access to various infrastructures and urban facilities, and other related issues. These challenges will exacerbate a range of social, economic, and environmental problems within the city. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the crucial question of whether the indicators of urban prosperity in the new city of Sahand are in a favorable condition. The overarching objective of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of the urban prosperity approach on the structural organization of the new city of Sahand. Accordingly, this study aims to address the following primary research question: "What factors have contributed to the formation of the current state of urban prosperity in the new city of Sahand, and what priorities exist for its improvement?" Methodology The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature, employing a survey-based method. The primary approach of the research is quantitative, utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to explain the relationships among variables. According to the latest official statistics (2023), the new city of Sahand has a population of 82,494 residents. The sample size for citizens was determined using the Cochran formula for a finite population (with a 95% confidence level, a probability of attribute presence of 0.5, and a precision of 0.05), resulting in 384 participants. The sampling method was stratified based on the eight phases and districts of the new city of Sahand. The primary data collection instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire. The initial items were extracted from three main sources: (a) the official indicators of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) across six dimensions of urban prosperity, (b) previous domestic studies (particularly Ahadnejad et al., 2018; Rahsepar Tolu'i et al., 2021; Alavi et al., 2018), and (c) exploratory interviews with local experts. A total of 65 initial items were designed. The validity of the questionnaire was examined at both content and construct levels. Content validity was confirmed through expert judgment and the calculation of the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), while construct validity was verified through confirmatory factor analysis within the framework of Structural Equation Modeling. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using three indicators: Cronbach's alpha (0.87 for the total questionnaire and above 0.70 for each dimension), Composite Reliability (CR) (above 0.70 for all variables), and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) (above 0.60 for all variables), all of which indicated satisfactory reliability of the research instrument. Data analysis was conducted at both descriptive and inferential levels using SPSS and SmartPLS software. Results and Discussion The findings revealed that among the six dimensions of urban prosperity, only two dimensions—"infrastructure development" (with a coefficient of 0.574 and a critical value of 3.02) and "environmental sustainability" (with a coefficient of 0.499 and a critical value of 2.65)—are in a relatively favorable condition and exert a significant influence on urban prosperity. In contrast, the other four dimensions—namely "productivity" (coefficient 0.232), "quality of life" (coefficient 0.387), "equity and social inclusion" (coefficient 0.303), and "urban governance and rule of law" (coefficient 0.254)—were assessed as being in an unfavorable state and do not have a significant impact on the realization of prosperity in Sahand. Consequently, the structural system of Sahand, in terms of the urban prosperity model, is not in a desirable condition, and the city remains in the early stages of urban development. Second Hypothesis: It is posited that in order to organize the structure of the new city of Sahand, a balance can be established among different districts with respect to the urban prosperity approach. The spatial-district analysis of the eight districts revealed significant differences among the various districts of Sahand in terms of urban prosperity indicators. The urban prosperity score fluctuates from District 1 (central) with 0.56 to District 8 (southern) with 0.33, indicating a gap of 0.23 units between the best and worst districts. This disparity is particularly manifested in a "north-south" pattern. However, given that infrastructure development is at a relatively acceptable level across all districts (ranging from 0.46 to 0.72), there exists potential for achieving balance through targeted investment in other dimensions (especially quality of life and employment) in disadvantaged areas. Therefore, the second hypothesis is cautiously confirmed, contingent upon the adoption of a place-based approach and prioritization of the southern districts. Third Hypothesis: The dimensions of urban prosperity in the new city of Sahand do not conform to the dimensions proposed by the United Nations and require localization. The research findings demonstrated that the weight and significance of urban prosperity dimensions in the new city of Sahand differ substantially from the standard CPI model proposed by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). In the standard model, the productivity dimension is considered one of the most important dimensions; however, in Sahand, this dimension exhibits the least impact and the lowest level of realization (0.266). Conversely, the infrastructure development dimension, which holds moderate weight in the standard model, has the greatest impact (0.574) and the highest level of realization (0.608) in Sahand. Furthermore, the analysis of expert interviews revealed that four new indigenous indicators—namely "distance from the parent city," "access to intercity transportation," "quality of Mehr housing," and "level of satisfaction with migration"—are essential for measuring prosperity in Iran's new cities, indicators that are not anticipated in the standard UN model. Consequently, the localization of urban prosperity indicators in accordance with the specific conditions of Iran's new cities is an inevitable necessity. Conclusion The present study was conducted with the aim of assessing and explaining the status of urban prosperity components in the new city of Sahand, employing a quantitative approach and Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicated that, overall, the level of urban prosperity in this city is not in a favorable condition. Among the six main dimensions—productivity, infrastructure development, quality of life, environmental sustainability, equity and social inclusion, and urban governance and rule of law—only two dimensions, namely infrastructure development and environmental sustainability, exhibited a relatively satisfactory status. Furthermore, hypothesis testing confirmed that only these two dimensions exert a significant influence on the realization of urban prosperity in Sahand, while the remaining dimensions lack meaningful impact. This finding suggests that the new city of Sahand remains in the early stages of urban development and requires substantial strengthening across economic, social, educational, healthcare, and managerial dimensions. From a theoretical perspective, this research contributes to the enrichment of the literature on new cities in Iran by emphasizing the application of Structural Equation Modeling in measuring urban prosperity. Moreover, by identifying the gap between various dimensions of prosperity, it demonstrates that the uniform approach of the United Nations cannot be applied to all cities without local adaptations. From a practical standpoint, the findings of this study can assist urban managers and planners in prioritizing investments and interventions. Strengthening development infrastructure (particularly cultural infrastructure and electronic services), improving quality of life through the expansion of educational and healthcare centers, reducing social and economic inequalities, and establishing a transparent and participatory governance system are among the key priorities for guiding the new city of Sahand toward urban prosperity. Based on the results of this study, in order to improve the existing conditions in new cities, with particular emphasis on Sahand, the following recommendations are proposed. As a first step, future research should adopt an analytical-applied approach to meticulously investigate the factors contributing to the inefficiency of the three components of productivity, social justice, and governance systems in new cities. Additionally, conducting systematic comparative studies between new cities and their parent metropolises can significantly contribute to identifying structural and functional gaps and discovering key moderating variables along the path to urban prosperity. Finally, as an undeniable necessity in urban policy-making, the design and development of a localized indicator for measuring urban prosperity—tailored to the demographic, economic, and environmental characteristics specific to Iran's new cities—should be placed as a research priority. This endeavor is proposed as an effective step toward the advancement and enrichment of urban prosperity knowledge. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_230040.html A B S T R A C T Large energy transfer projects, whether at the national or international level, hold significant importance due to their environmental impacts. In this context, attention to routes known as energy corridors, which can provide a platform for the transfer of multiple energy sources with minimal environmental effects, can play a crucial role in reducing environmental impacts. This study focuses on designing an east-west energy transfer corridor in Iran using Least Cost Path Analysis to achieve a multifunctional energy transfer corridor. The research employs GIS technology and Least Cost Path Analysis to identify the most efficient and cost-effective routes for energy transfer, considering geographical and environmental factors. The results indicate that the proposed routes significantly reduce costs while minimizing environmental impacts. These effects, by decreasing the need for land acquisition, contribute to a reduction of up to 30% in acquisition costs and up to 15% in total project costs, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of energy distribution. The use of Least Cost Path Analysis in designing energy transfer corridors can lead to more sustainable energy solutions in Iran, effectively addressing both economic and environmental concerns. Extended Abstract Introduction Optimizing pipeline routes is a crucial component in the development of energy infrastructures, especially in light of the increasing global energy demand and environmental considerations. As countries strive to balance economic growth with ecological sustainability, the need for efficient and effective methods for determining pipeline routes has become more. Energy corridors are vital infrastructures that facilitate the efficient and sustainable transport of energy resources, including oil, natural gas, and electricity, from production sites to consumption centers. Strategic planning and optimization of these corridors are essential to ensure energy security, minimize environmental impacts, and reduce economic costs. With the rising global demand for energy and the transition towards renewable energy sources, the importance of optimal routing of pipelines has become more pronounced. Methodology This study employs the Least Cost Path Analysis (LCPA) method, which utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify optimal routes. The research process includes several key stages: data collection, cost surface generation, path analysis, and validation of results. In the initial stage, relevant spatial data, including topography, land use, environmental constraints, and socio-economic factors, are collected. Then, a cost surface is generated that reflects the costs associated with traversing different land uses. This surface is created by assigning weights to various factors based on their impact on construction and operational costs. In the next stage, algorithms such as Dijkstra or A* are used to determine the least-cost path. Finally, validation and sensitivity analysis are conducted to assess the robustness of the identified paths against changes in data and input assumptions. Results and Discussion The results indicate that the optimal routes identified using LCPA significantly reduce construction costs and minimize environmental impacts. This analysis also addresses the challenges faced in pipeline design, including geographical constraints and environmental concerns. For instance, poorly designed routes can lead to increased construction costs, environmental degradation, and conflicts with local communities.Therefore, adopting advanced optimization techniques like LCPA is crucial for ensuring the efficient and sustainable routing of vital pipelines. Numerous challenges confront planners in designing pipelines. These challenges include traversing diverse terrains, avoiding ecologically sensitive areas, and complying with legal and political restrictions. Key challenges can be considered as foundational elements in any design. For example, pipeline routes must cross various landscapes, including mountains, rivers, and urban areas, which can significantly impact feasibility and Conclusion This research demonstrates that the application of LCPA in the design of energy corridors can lead to more sustainable energy solutions and effectively address economic and environmental concerns. Given the existing challenges in pipeline design, there is an urgent need for systematic, data-driven approaches to optimize pipeline routing. Additionally, the need to consider security protocols, especially in political and security contexts, can complicate the routing of pipelines and increase costs. Ultimately, this study examines methods, case studies, results, and implications of using LCPA to determine energy corridors. By analyzing the integration of various factors and specific project outcomes, this discussion aims to highlight the effectiveness of LCPA in promoting the development of sustainable energy infrastructures. Adopting a multifaceted approach to corridor routing that prioritizes not only economic considerations but also environmental sustainability and social acceptance is emphasized. The MCDA-LCP analysis is highly effective in geographic data analysis as it can store geographic data and analyze them more efficiently and conveniently than paper. All spatial criteria are combined and analyzed to produce a cost surface for the entire study area. LCP rapidly and continuously examines a set of data across a wide area to determine the least-cost path. Based on the two cost levels in this study, the least-cost routing tool performs better than existing ROWs. Given the importance of integrating various functions within a corridor, this study explores how to enhance the resilience of energy systems and reduce vulnerabilities to disruptions. Moreover, by limiting the spatial impacts of energy and transportation networks, it helps reduce land degradation and habitat fragmentation. Pipeline design is accompanied by multiple challenges. On one hand, planners must address the lowest economic costs, while on the other hand, they must consider the lowest environmental and ecological costs. These challenges include traversing diverse terrains, avoiding ecologically sensitive areas, and complying with legal and political restrictions. For instance, steep slopes, unstable soils, and earthquake-prone areas create additional hazards that must be mitigated through careful path selection. Additionally, environmental and ecological concerns are primary considerations in the planned designs. Energy corridors often traverse protected areas, wildlife habitats, and water bodies, raising concerns about biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption. Environmental impact assessments (EIA) are mandatory in most jurisdictions, requiring pipeline planners to minimize ecological harm. In conclusion, this research clearly demonstrates that the use of LCPA in the design of energy corridors can lead to more sustainable energy solutions and effectively address economic and environmental concerns. Given the challenges in pipeline design, there is an urgent need for systematic, data-driven approaches to optimize pipeline routing. This approach can contribute to cost reduction and improved efficiency in energy projects, ultimately aiding in the achievement of sustainable development goals in this sector. Funding The cost required to implement this project has been provided by the Research and Technology Department of the National Iranian Oil Engineering and Construction Company. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all those who helped us in conducting this research, especially the Research and Technology Department of the National Iranian Oil Engineering and Construction Company for providing the necessary funds, as well as the esteemed reviewers who were effective in improving the quality of the article. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_246439.html A B S T R A C T This study aims to investigate the future of sustainable rural development in Marivan County, utilizing a futures studies approach and a mixed-methods research design (qualitative and quantitative). Data were collected through a combination of documentary studies and field surveys, employing Delphi questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and observation. The statistical population consisted of 24 experts, specialists, and officials involved in the region's development, selected via snowball sampling. The findings from the three-round Delphi technique led to the identification of 43 key drivers influencing the future of sustainable rural development. These drivers were categorized into five main dimensions: economic, social, environmental-physical, managerial-institutional, and trans-regional. Subsequent quantitative analyses revealed that economic drivers and managerial-institutional drivers play the most significant role in steering the system towards instability over the next decade. Conversely, social drivers were found to be the most susceptible to changes in other factors. The final results indicate an uneven spatial distribution of instability across the rural districts of the county. In other words, there is a significant disparity in the level of developmental instability among the districts. The districts of Sarshiv and Golchidar are projected to face very high instability, Komasi high instability, Sarkal moderate instability, and Zrivar and Khavomirabad low instability in the future. This study concludes that the centralized planning system and the inefficiency of macro-level management institutions are the primary reasons propelling the region towards an unsustainable future. It underscores the necessity for policy revision and the enhancement of local governance and rural resilience to achieve sustainable development. Extended Abstract Introduction Sustainable rural development has emerged as one of the most critical objectives of regional and spatial planning, particularly in developing countries where rural areas continue to play a decisive role in economic stability, social cohesion, and territorial balance. Rural regions are not only spaces of production and settlement but also complex socio-spatial systems whose sustainability depends on the interaction of multiple structural, institutional, and environmental factors. In recent decades, increasing economic volatility, institutional fragility, environmental pressures, and spatial inequalities have intensified the vulnerability of rural systems, especially in peripheral and border regions. Border rural areas are structurally more exposed to instability due to their geopolitical sensitivity, security-oriented governance, limited investment opportunities, and weak integration into national development frameworks. These areas often suffer from restricted access to markets, infrastructure deficits, and institutional marginalization, which collectively undermine their long-term sustainability. As a result, rural development in border regions is frequently characterized by persistent poverty, unemployment, out-migration, environmental degradation, and social fragmentation. Marivan County, located in the western border region of Iran, exemplifies these challenges. Despite its advantageous geographical location, abundant natural resources, and cultural diversity, the rural areas of Marivan have faced long-standing obstacles to sustainable development. The county’s rural settlements exhibit significant disparities in economic opportunities, service provision, institutional capacity, and environmental conditions. These disparities have contributed to uneven development outcomes and have reinforced cycles of rural unsustainability across different territorial units. Traditional rural development policies in Iran have largely relied on centralized, sector-based, and short-term planning approaches. Such approaches often assume linear development trajectories and prioritize physical investments over institutional strengthening and local capacity building. Consequently, they have failed to adequately address the systemic and uncertain nature of rural development processes. In many cases, development interventions have produced fragmented outcomes, limited resilience, and increased dependency on external support. In response to these limitations, futures studies have gained increasing attention as a planning and analytical approach capable of addressing uncertainty, complexity, and long-term structural change. Futures studies focus on identifying key driving forces (drivers) that shape possible development trajectories and on exploring how interactions among these drivers influence future outcomes. Rather than predicting a single future, this approach emphasizes multiple plausible futures and highlights the importance of strategic preparedness and adaptive planning. Moreover, rural development is inherently spatial. The effects of development drivers are unevenly distributed across space, leading to clustered patterns of sustainability and unsustainability. Spatial inequalities, if left unaddressed, can exacerbate regional imbalances and undermine national development objectives. Therefore, integrating spatial analysis with futures-oriented research provides a more comprehensive understanding of rural development dynamics and supports territorially differentiated policy responses. Against this background, the present study aims to analyze the spatial impacts of key drivers influencing the unsustainability of rural development in Marivan County through a futures studies framework. The study seeks to identify the most influential drivers of rural unsustainability, assess their relative importance, and examine their spatial distribution across rural districts. By combining futures studies methods with spatial statistical analysis, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of rural development challenges in border regions and provides evidence-based insights for sustainable and resilient rural planning. Methodology This study is applied in terms of purpose and adopts a descriptive–analytical research design. A mixed-methods approach was employed to capture both the qualitative complexity of rural development drivers and their quantitative and spatial manifestations. The methodological framework integrates expert-based futures analysis with multi-criteria decision-making techniques and spatial statistical tools. The first stage of the research involved identifying key drivers influencing the future of sustainable rural development using the Delphi technique. The expert panel consisted of 24 individuals, including academic researchers, rural development specialists, planners, and local administrators with extensive knowledge of Marivan County’s rural context. Experts were selected through purposive and snowball sampling to ensure informed judgment and contextual relevance. The Delphi process consisted of three iterative rounds. In the first round, open-ended questionnaires were used to elicit expert opinions on factors contributing to rural sustainability and unsustainability. The qualitative responses were systematically coded and analyzed to extract an initial list of potential drivers. In the second round, the identified drivers were organized into a structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale, allowing experts to assess the relative importance of each driver. In the third round, consensus levels were calculated from response distributions, and drivers with agreement levels exceeding 60% were retained as final drivers. Through this process, 43 drivers influencing the future of rural development were identified. These drivers were conceptually grouped into five main dimensions: economic, social, environmental–physical, managerial–institutional, and supra-regional factors. This classification reflects the multidimensional nature of rural sustainability and facilitates subsequent analytical steps. In the second stage, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to determine the relative importance of the identified dimensions and to evaluate the degree of rural unsustainability across different rural districts. Experts completed pairwise comparison matrices to assess the relative significance of each dimension. The calculations were performed using Expert Choice software. The consistency ratio of the judgments was below the acceptable threshold of 0.1, indicating reliable and coherent expert evaluations. In the final stage, spatial analysis was conducted using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to examine the territorial distribution of rural unsustainability. Global Moran’s I index was employed to assess spatial autocorrelation and determine whether patterns of unsustainability were clustered, dispersed, or random. Additionally, Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) was used to identify statistically significant clusters of high and low unsustainability among rural districts. This integrated methodological approach enabled a comprehensive analysis of both the structural drivers and spatial patterns of rural unsustainability. Results and discussion The findings of the study indicate that, according to expert consensus, the current state of rural development in Marivan County is predominantly unsustainable. Furthermore, if existing structural conditions and development trends persist, the future trajectory of rural development in the region is expected to remain fragile and unstable. The results highlight the dominant role of economic and managerial–institutional drivers in shaping rural unsustainability. Among economic drivers, national economic instability, high levels of poverty and unemployment, lack of economic diversification, low productivity of rural economic activities, weak entrepreneurial ecosystems, and limited competitiveness of rural products were identified as the most influential factors. These drivers undermine the economic foundations of rural livelihoods and increase vulnerability to external shocks. The dependence of rural economies on a narrow range of activities further intensifies exposure to market fluctuations and policy changes. Managerial–institutional drivers were found to be equally critical. Key factors in this category include the absence of an integrated, coherent rural development strategy, centralized decision-making processes, inequitable allocation of financial resources, weak local governance structures, and the lack of accountable, responsive institutions at both the local and regional levels. Additionally, the security-oriented management of border areas was identified as a constraint that limits economic opportunities and restricts local initiative. These institutional shortcomings reduce the effectiveness of development interventions and hinder the mobilization of endogenous development potentials. Social and environmental–physical drivers were observed to be more strongly influenced by economic and institutional conditions rather than acting as primary causal forces. Increased rural out-migration, erosion of social capital, declining levels of trust and participation, and reduced psychological security were identified as social consequences of persistent economic hardship and institutional weakness. Similarly, unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, land degradation, and environmental vulnerability were linked to short-term survival strategies adopted under conditions of economic and institutional stress. The AHP results demonstrate that economic factors exert the greatest influence on rural unsustainability, with a relative weight of 0.392, followed closely by managerial–institutional factors with a weight of 0.340. Social, environmental–physical, and supra-regional dimensions received comparatively lower weights, indicating their dependent and reinforcing roles within the overall system of rural unsustainability. Spatial analysis revealed significant territorial disparities in the distribution of rural unsustainability across Marivan County. The Global Moran’s I index confirmed the presence of positive and statistically significant spatial autocorrelation, indicating that high and low levels of unsustainability tend to cluster geographically. Hot Spot Analysis further identified distinct spatial patterns. Sarshiv and Golchedar rural districts emerged as high–high clusters characterized by very high levels of unsustainability. Komasi district was identified as highly unsustainable, while Sarkal district was moderate. In contrast, Zrivar and Khavomirabad districts formed low-unsustainability clusters. These spatial patterns reflect unequal access to economic opportunities, infrastructure, public services, and institutional support across rural districts. They also underscore the importance of adopting spatially differentiated development strategies rather than uniform policy interventions. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that rural unsustainability in Marivan County is not a random or isolated phenomenon but rather the outcome of structural interactions between economic and managerial–institutional drivers operating within a context of spatial inequality. Centralized planning systems, weak local governance, and limited utilization of endogenous development capacities have collectively pushed rural areas toward an unsustainable development trajectory. The findings emphasize that achieving sustainable rural development requires fundamental structural reforms rather than fragmented or short-term interventions. Strengthening local institutions, enhancing participatory governance, promoting economic diversification, improving market access, and reducing territorial inequalities are essential prerequisites for sustainability. Without addressing these underlying drivers, development policies are unlikely to yield resilient, long-lasting outcomes. From a methodological perspective, integrating futures studies with spatial analysis proved an effective approach for understanding the complexity and uncertainty inherent in rural development systems. Identifying key drivers and examining their spatial impacts enables policymakers and planners to anticipate future risks, prioritize intervention areas, and design adaptive and territorially sensitive development strategies. In conclusion, the study highlights the need to adopt futures-oriented, spatially informed, and institutionally grounded approaches to rural development planning, particularly in border regions facing heightened vulnerability and uncertainty. Such approaches can support the transition of rural areas, such as those in Marivan County, toward long-term, more sustainable, resilient, and equitable development pathways. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_247047.html Green roofs, as a pivotal strategy in sustainable urban development, play a crucial role in managing environmental crises and enhancing ecological resilience . In the face of escalating environmental crises and the shortage of urban green spaces, green roofs are considered an effective strategy for reducing vulnerability and enhancing urban livability . This research aims to provide an indigenous model for green roof development to achieve an ecological city in Najafabad . . The study employs a descriptive . - analytical approach within a developmental - applied framework, utilizing both library research and field surveys . Accordingly, 96 items were identified across six indices for green roofs and five indices for the ecological city . The statistical population consisted of urban planning and architecture experts, of whom 30 were selected through purposive sampling . Data were analyzed using SPSS through exploratory factor analysis and ANOVA . Furthermore, spatial analysis of the indicators across the five districts of Najafabad was conducted using network analysis tools in ArcGIS environment . The results indicate that the ‘environmental’ dimension (path coefficient = 0.980 ) and the ‘social’ dimension ( path coefficient = 0.716 ) have the most significant impact on green roof development . Districts 3 and 2 exhibit the highest potential for such development, with means of 3.54 and 3.52 , respectively . Moreover, findings from the spatial analysis demonstrate that the structured network of green roof development illustrates high consistency and alignment with scenarios for accomplishing an ecological city . . .