Spatial analysis of the explanatory components of urban development in a socio-spatial dialectic: the right to the city from theory to practice the case study of Bandar Abbas city

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanities, University Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Girne American University, Cyprus

Abstract

A B S T R A C T
The right to the city in urban development goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the components of right to the city in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the city space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the city, as well as parts of new developments, the right to the city has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the city spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the city, this right has been undermined and ignored
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The right to the city as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and development issues, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. In other words, this theory is a call for the priority of the consumption value of the city against its exchange value, which can only be pursued through the analysis of urban issues in the framework of the "city space" metaphor in the right to the city. It is a fundamental change in the city to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve their needs.
 
Methodology
From a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the explanatory components of urban development in Bandar Abbas from the perspective of the right to the city. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in the ArcMap environment. Citizens are the source of mental data, official documents and maps are the objective data, and experts are the relative weight of the criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee the validity of the content based on the guidance of supervisors and advisors, the collective opinion of university experts and the use of similar studies were exerted. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and the value of the alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire.
 
Results and discussion
The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, including the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference for the residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of the findings shows that the social function of the city's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has the greatest impact on the urban development of Bandar Abbas. On the other hand, socio-spatial justice in the process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows the lowest level of influence in the development of Bandar Abbas compared to other components of the right to the city. The results show that about 20% of the area of Bandar Abbas city is in a very unfavorable situation compared to the components of urban development based on the right to the city approach. These areas of the city are spaces where the residents' right to the city has been severely denied, and they are deprived of taking over the city space.
In this regard, the results show that 20.7% of the city's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of the city's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has the right to a greater manifestation of the city. The city's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in the spatial distribution of the urban development components of Bandar Abbas based on the right to the city approach, the possession of space through the right to presence, the accessibility of residents to the opportunities and resources of the city, as well as the fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban development. However, as the results show, it is the difference that gives meaning to the urban space, and therefore the space must provide the conditions for the city to play a role in meeting the needs of all city groups. The requirement of this role is the central position of the residents in making decisions about the city space, which is a unique way to realize the right to the city.
 
Conclusion
As Brenner states, the right to the city is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban development is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at the same time. In terms of the right to the city, the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the trinity of urban development and the guiding light of these three principles that determine the quality of a different city. Unfortunately, urban development in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. The zoning resulting from the spatial analysis shows that about 19.8% of the city's spaces, which mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From the theoretical aspect of the right to the city, this event originates from the space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in the market, not a consumption thing formed by the citizens and in social interaction with the space.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Highlights

  1. انصاری، ثمینه و پرتوی، پروین. (1397). تبیین زمینه‌ها و اصول پساساختارگرایی در برنامه‌ریزی شهری. معماری و شهرسازی ایران، 9 (16)، 216-195.  Doi:10.30475/isau.2019.87942
  2. پیری، فاطمه؛ امانپور سعید و مشکینی، ابوالفضل (1401). تحلیل الگوی فضایی سرمایه‌گذاری مسکن از منظر اقتصاد سیاسی فضا مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر اهواز. مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، 12 (1)، 34-15.Doi:10.30488/gps.2022.338820.3527    
  3. لطیف عقیلی، سید کامبیز؛ میرکتولی، جعفر و جانباز قبادی، غلامرضا. (1400). تحلیل شاخص‌های عدالت فضایی در ساختمان‌های بلندمرتبه گرگان. مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، 11 (40)، 132-119. Doi:10.30488/gps.2021.256295.3326
  4. مک لاران، اندرو. (1390). ایجاد فضای شهری-برنامه‌ریزی شهری و ساخت‌وساز املاک، ترجمه گیتی اعتماد، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات معانی.
  5. منوچهری میاندوآب ایوب و رهنمایی محمدتقی. (1398). تحلیلی بر فرایند تولید فضای سرمایه‌داری دولتی در ایران مورد: شهر تهران. برنامه‌ریزی و آمایش فضا. ۲۳ (۱)، ۸۵-۱۱۶.
  6. مهندسان مشاور شارمند، (1387)، طرح راهبردی- ساختاری شهر بندرعباس، سازمان مسکن و شهرسازی استان هرمزگان.
  7. Aalbers, M. B., & Gibb, K. (2014). Housing and the right to the city: introduction to the special issue. International Journal of Housing Policy, 14(3), 207-213. Doi:10.1080/14616718.2014.936179
  8. Abukhater, A. B. E. D. (2009). Rethinking planning theory and practice: a glimmer of light for prospects of integrated planning to combat complex urban realities. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 42 (11), 64-79.
  9. Anderson, N. (2011). Social Infrastructure as a Means to Achieve the Right to the City. Architecture Conference Proceedings and Presentations. Iowa State University, United States.
  10. Ansari, S., & Partovi, P. (2019). The Roots and Principles of Post-structuralism in Urban Planning. Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU), 9(2), 195-216. Doi:10.30475/isau.2019.87942 [in Persian]
  11. Brown, A. M. B., & Kristiansen, A. (2008). Urban Policies and the Right to the City: Rights, responsibilities and citizenship. [Project Report], UN-Habitat. Paris.
  12. Buser, M. (2012). The production of space in metropolitan regions: A Lefebvrian analysis of governance and spatial change. Planning Theory, 11(3), 279–298. Doi:10.1177/1473095212439693
  13. Dierwechter, Y. (2017). Urban Sustainability through smart growth: Intercurrence, planning, and geographies of regional development across Greater Seattle. Edition 1, Publisher Springer. Doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54448-9
  14. Fenster, T. (2005). The right to the gendered city: Different formations of belonging in everyday life. Journal of gender studies, 14(3), 217-231. Doi:10.1080/09589230500264109
  15. Fincher, R., & Iveson, K. (2012). Justice and injustice in the city. Geographical research, 50(3), 231-241. Doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2011.00742.x
  16. He, S. (2015). Right to the city: A liberal-democratic perspective, 673-679. In Smelser, N. J., & Baltes, P. B. (Eds.). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences, Elsevier: Oxford, UK. Doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74066-9
  17. Kuymulu, M. B. (2014). Claiming the right to the city: Towards the production of space from below. City University of New York, United States.
  18. Latif Aghili, S. K., Mirkatouli, J., & Janbaz Ghobadi, G. (2021). Analysis of spatial justice indicators in high-rise buildings in Gorgan. Geographical Planning of Space, 11(40), 119-132. Doi:10.30488/gps.2021.256295.3326
  19. Allen, R. L. (1999). The socio-spatial making and marking of'us': Toward a critical postmodern spatial theory of difference and community. Social identities, 5(3), 249-277. Doi:10.1080/13504639951482
  20. Lefebvre, H. (1991) The Production of Space. Oxford, Blackwell
  21. MacLaran A. (2003). Making space: property development and urban planning. Translated by Giti Etamed, first edition, Tehran. Maani Publications. [in Persian]
  22. Manouchehri A, Rahnemaie M T. An analysis of the process of producing the state capitalist space in Iran, Case Study: Tehran City. MJSP, 23 (1), 85-116. [in Persian]
  23. Ochoa, J. J., Tan, Y., Qian, Q. K., Shen, L., & Moreno, E. L. (2018). Learning from best practices in sustainable urbanization. Habitat international, 78, 83-95. Doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.05.013
  24. Piri, F., Amanpour, S., & Meshkini, A. (2022). Analysis of the Spatial Pattern of Housing Investment from the Perspective of the Political Economy of Space (Case Study: Ahvaz Metropolis). Geographical Planning of Space, 12(1), 15-34. doi: 10.30488/gps.2022.338820.3527
  25. Purcell, M. (2003). Citizenship and the right to the global city: reimagining the capitalist world order. International journal of urban and regional research, 27(3), 564-590. Doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00467
  26. Priya, R., Singh, R., & Das, S. (2019). Health implications of diverse visions of urban spaces: bridging the Formal-Informal divide. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 1-14. Doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00239
  27. Sadri, H. (2019). Architecture and Human Rights. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 3(2), 173–183. Doi:10.25034/ijcua.2018.47x14
  28. Sharmand Consulting Engineers. (2007). Strategic-Structural Plan of Bandar Abbas City. Hormozgan Province Housing and Urban Development Organization. [in Persian]
  29. Tayebi, A. (2014). Communihood: Being a planning activist in the twenty-first century. The University of Texas at Arlington, United States.
  30. Tighe, J. R., & Ganning, J. P. (2015). The divergent city: Unequal and uneven development in St. Louis. Urban Geography, 36(5), 654-673. Doi:10.1080/02723638.2015.1014673
  31. Vietor, A. (1974). Problems on urban development. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 45(3‐4), 331-341. Doi:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1974.tb00398.x

Keywords

References

  1. Aalbers, M. B., & Gibb, K. (2014). Housing and the right to the city: introduction to the special issue. International Journal of Housing Policy, 14(3), 207-213. Doi:10.1080/14616718.2014.936179
  2. Abukhater, A. B. E. D. (2009). Rethinking planning theory and practice: a glimmer of light for prospects of integrated planning to combat complex urban realities. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 42 (11), 64-79.
  3. Anderson, N. (2011). Social Infrastructure as a Means to Achieve the Right to the City. Architecture Conference Proceedings and Presentations. Iowa State University, United States.
  4. Ansari, S., & Partovi, P. (2019). The Roots and Principles of Post-structuralism in Urban Planning. Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU), 9(2), 195-216. Doi:10.30475/isau.2019.87942 [in Persian]
  5. Brown, A. M. B., & Kristiansen, A. (2008). Urban Policies and the Right to the City: Rights, responsibilities and citizenship. [Project Report], UN-Habitat. Paris.
  6. Buser, M. (2012). The production of space in metropolitan regions: A Lefebvrian analysis of governance and spatial change. Planning Theory, 11(3), 279–298. Doi:10.1177/1473095212439693
  7. Dierwechter, Y. (2017). Urban Sustainability through smart growth: Intercurrence, planning, and geographies of regional development across Greater Seattle. Edition 1, Publisher Springer. Doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54448-9
  8. Fenster, T. (2005). The right to the gendered city: Different formations of belonging in everyday life. Journal of gender studies, 14(3), 217-231. Doi:10.1080/09589230500264109
  9. Fincher, R., & Iveson, K. (2012). Justice and injustice in the city. Geographical research, 50(3), 231-241. Doi:10.1111/j.1745-5871.2011.00742.x
  10. He, S. (2015). Right to the city: A liberal-democratic perspective, 673-679. In Smelser, N. J., & Baltes, P. B. (Eds.). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences, Elsevier: Oxford, UK. Doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.74066-9
  11. Kuymulu, M. B. (2014). Claiming the right to the city: Towards the production of space from below. City University of New York, United States.
  12. Latif Aghili, S. K., Mirkatouli, J., & Janbaz Ghobadi, G. (2021). Analysis of spatial justice indicators in high-rise buildings in Gorgan. Geographical Planning of Space, 11(40), 119-132. Doi:10.30488/gps.2021.256295.3326
  13. Allen, R. L. (1999). The socio-spatial making and marking of'us': Toward a critical postmodern spatial theory of difference and community. Social identities, 5(3), 249-277. Doi:10.1080/13504639951482
  14. Lefebvre, H. (1991) The Production of Space. Oxford, Blackwell
  15. MacLaran A. (2003). Making space: property development and urban planning. Translated by Giti Etamed, first edition, Tehran. Maani Publications. [in Persian]
  16. Manouchehri A, Rahnemaie M T. An analysis of the process of producing the state capitalist space in Iran, Case Study: Tehran City. MJSP, 23 (1), 85-116. [in Persian]
  17. Ochoa, J. J., Tan, Y., Qian, Q. K., Shen, L., & Moreno, E. L. (2018). Learning from best practices in sustainable urbanization. Habitat international, 78, 83-95. Doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.05.013
  18. Piri, F., Amanpour, S., & Meshkini, A. (2022). Analysis of the Spatial Pattern of Housing Investment from the Perspective of the Political Economy of Space (Case Study: Ahvaz Metropolis). Geographical Planning of Space, 12(1), 15-34. doi: 10.30488/gps.2022.338820.3527
  19. Purcell, M. (2003). Citizenship and the right to the global city: reimagining the capitalist world order. International journal of urban and regional research, 27(3), 564-590. Doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00467
  20. Priya, R., Singh, R., & Das, S. (2019). Health implications of diverse visions of urban spaces: bridging the Formal-Informal divide. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 1-14. Doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00239
  21. Sadri, H. (2019). Architecture and Human Rights. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 3(2), 173–183. Doi:10.25034/ijcua.2018.47x14
  22. Sharmand Consulting Engineers. (2007). Strategic-Structural Plan of Bandar Abbas City. Hormozgan Province Housing and Urban Development Organization. [in Persian]
  23. Tayebi, A. (2014). Communihood: Being a planning activist in the twenty-first century. The University of Texas at Arlington, United States.
  24. Tighe, J. R., & Ganning, J. P. (2015). The divergent city: Unequal and uneven development in St. Louis. Urban Geography, 36(5), 654-673. Doi:10.1080/02723638.2015.1014673
  25. Vietor, A. (1974). Problems on urban development. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 45(3‐4), 331-341. Doi:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1974.tb00398.x
Geographical Planning of Space
Volume 13, Issue 3
November 2023
Pages 47-65

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics