A B S T R A C T
In the last three decades, a major surge in the implementation of dam projects, excessive groundwater extraction, and excessive cultivation have disrupted the hydrological balance and, in general, the natural balance in the Qara Qeshlaq wetland and region. In this study, the water and soil characteristics as well as the climate of Qara Qeshlaq were examined using field, laboratory, and report data. To achieve the goal of the study and to investigate the environmental changes occurring in the Qara Qeshlaq wetland, statistics and information related to wells around the wetland were obtained from relevant organizations and examined. To fill the gap in some data, including the chemical quality of water and soil, 9 more wells were drilled (due to lack of information) and the samples were tested and their EC, SAR, and Ph values were determined. The results of chemical analysis of some water quality parameters of the wells in the study area showed that all the wells are in the bad category in terms of water quality and the EC fluctuations in the samples were high, and in one of the samples this rate was more than 170. Studies also showed that the soils sampled in the study area are dominated by fine-textured and saline soils. A more detailed study of the vegetation cover of the salt marshes in this area showed that due to the drying of the wetland due to human interference, saline vegetation has replaced the previous vegetation.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In recent decades, the human role in environmental disturbances is much more prominent than natural changes over time. Due to the sensitivity of wetlands near the internal lake to rapid changes, wetlands have experienced the most disturbances in decades. The Qara Qeshlaq wetland is among the ecosystems that have sustained the most significant damage and undergone substantial anthropogenic changes. This wetland, recognized as an international forest under the Ramsar Convention, is the largest in Iran and hosts over 185 species of wild birds. Qara Qeshlaq Lagoon is located in the south of Urmia Lake National Park covers an area of 48 thousand hectares between Sofichai River in Bonab and Zarinee Rood in Miandoab. In terms of ecological features and the existence of very suitable habitats, the Qara Qeshlaq Lagoon is ecologically significant, particularly at the mouths of the Zarinee Rood and Sufi Chai rivers, adjacent to the lake, and at the confluence of Urmia Lake’s saline waters with the fresh waters of these rivers. The existence of vast lands and swampy plains and the existence of salt-loving meadows and natural aquatic plants resistant to salt water, as well as the agricultural land of the villages around the region, in turn, is a very suitable habitat.
The Qara Qeshlaq Wetland is considered, a sensitive ecosystem in the northwest, has suffered the most damage in the last three decades and experienced the most severe anthropogenic changes. Recently, changes in Lake Urmia and in land use around the lagoon have led to major changes in this lagoon. As Lake Urmia has continued to dry up over the past decade (due to natural and human factors), a large number of freshwater and brackish satellite lagoons around this lake have also faced drying up. Unfortunately, they have been damaged due to the implementation of infrastructure projects, land use changes, pollution and reduced water inflows. These problems have threatened the biodiversity of this wetland complex, which was of international importance, and the conditions of the villages and towns surrounding the lake and its satellite wetlands have faced serious problems This study investigates how anthropogenic changes contributing to the various effects of anthropogenic changes regarding the drying of the Qara Qeshlaq wetland, its characteristics of the soil and water around the wetland, and the region's susceptibility to the creation of dust centers.

Methodology
This study examines the different aspects of underground water due to its significant role in changing the conditions of underground water in the occurrence of changes in the conditions of soil and vegetation. Underground water is extracted without electricity, and inquiries have been made to the regional water companies of East Azarbaijan and the province’s electricity distribution regarding this practice. This statistic shows the number of 25990 registered wells in total, whose coordinates are also recorded in the UTM image system. To prepare a classified map of the drop in the underground water level, the position of the piezometric wells and the amount of decrease in the underground water level in the form of a shape file Converted in ArcGIS software.
The weights and points considered for the ranking of the drop in the underground water level by the Natural breaks method are divided into five parts based on the value of the pixels. Piezometric well data in the studied area in the time period (1390-1400) has been used to check the underground water level. In this research, to check the chemical quality of water, and due to the lack of information, about nine wells were drilled in the area and their water samples were tested. In addition, in order to examine the chemical quality of underground water in the area, nine wells were constructed around the villages of Qara Qeshlaq and Majid Abad and samples were collected.

Results and Discussion
Based on the results of chemical analysis of some water quality parameters of wells in the study area, the EC level in all wells is in the bad category in terms of quality. The highest value is related to well number 3 of Majid Abad village at the rate of 132.9 ds/m Siemens per meter. The lowest amount with EC of 5.4 Deci Siemens per meter belongs to well number 4 of Majid Abad. In terms of SAR values, the water of wells 1, 4 and 5 of Majid Abad is in the category of good quality water. The water of wells in the south, west and middle of the village Qara Qeshlaq is in the average category and the rest of the water samples classified in the bad category. Examination of the electrical conductivity (EC) in samples from the study area reveals fluctuations indicating the presence of soils ranging from low salinity to highly saline. This amount is more than 170 in one of the samples. Design map from the collected samples and the distribution of the EC value in the study area reveals that almost the entire area is covered by saline soils. The amount of EC increases as we move towards the northwest. The spatial extent of these soils is considerable in the study area.
Acidic soils are widespread in the central (around the Qara Qeshlaq wetland) and northern regions. In these soils, the solubility of aluminum, iron, and manganese increases. These compounds can be poisonous to plants in high concentration. High soil acidity can absorb other elements. It disrupts minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, etc. in the soil. The growth of plants decreases or stops at a pH of more than 9. Only salt-loving plants can grow at a high pH. Examining the graphs of the samples taken from the region indicates that the amount of organic carbon in the soils of the area is less than 5. It means that the soils are of low quality according to this index.

Conclusion
According to the values obtained from the analysis of the salinity indices indicating that the pH level in the collected samples is often more than 7, and therefore most of the soils in the investigated area are game. In other words, such soils are only suitable for the growth of saline-loving plants. Examining the scatter map of pH distribution at the regional level also showed that the extent of acidic soils is greater in the central (around Qara Qeshlaq wetland) and northern areas. This has caused saline-loving plants to settle in the investigated area. The density of vegetation should be reduced to a significant amount and fine-textured soils will be more exposed to wind erosion. The findings suggest that restoring Qara Qeshlaq wetland to its former state is unlikely given the prevailing conditions. Nevertheless, implementing strategies focused on soil stabilization and vegetation development can help control dust emission to a certain degree. A study of the pH distribution map across the region also exhibited that the extent of acidic soils is greater in the central (around the Qara Qeshlaq Wetland) and northern areas. This has caused halophilic plants to settle in the studied area, significantly reducing the density of vegetation, and making fine-textured soils more susceptible to wind erosion. According to the results, given the prevailing conditions in the Qara Qeshlaq wetland, substantial restoration efforts are unlikely to succeed, However, implementing measures for soil stabilization and vegetation development can help mitigate the flow of fine dust to some extent.

Funding
There is no funding support.

Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.

Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.